covid-19 Claims and the Law of International Responsibility

Paparinskis, Mārtiņš

doi:10.1163/18781527-bja10014

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…28 Súčasne nastolila špecifické otázky v medzinárodnom práve súkromnom 29 a v medzinárodnom práve verejnom zase vyvolala debatu o covidových žalobách. 30 Výrok sudcu Holmesa dnes tak čiastočne stratil význam, berúc do úvahy využitie podnetnej 31 vyššej moci v medzinárodnom práve, kde je vyššia moc v zmysle výroku práve "to iné", čo zmluvná strana môže vo výnimočných situáciách vhodne uplatniť. Vskutku, vyššia moc je jedinečná.…”

Section: úVodunclassified

Force Majeure ako okolnosť vylučujúca protiprávnosť v medzinárodnom investičnom práve

Chovancová¹

2022

pravnyobzor

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Force Majeure as a Circumstance Excluding Wrongfulness in International InvestmentLaw. Force majeure is today accepted as a fairly classical topic and the circumstance, excluding wrongfulness of the state doing in majority of the world legal systems. Within the realm of international investment law, it belongs to the most frequently applied circumstances excluding wrongfulness with the level of its use, increased considerably in the last decade. The coronavirus pandemic has enlivened the concept of force majeure in many areas of law, including international investment law. It also proved to be a good source of an ongoing debate on importance of force majeure for international investment and commercial community. This article is an attempt to inform this debate. Except for introducing force majeure in international law and its purpose, this study presents a brief account of international disputes, in which the force majeure clause is applied very often. It examines the historical development of force majeure in international law and introduces its codified version. as the story develops, it makes three intertwined observations. The universal, one size fits all force majeure is an illusion. Today we may distinguish three its variations already in international law. First, when applied as a circumstance, excluding the wrongfulness under the ILC articles, it excuses an internationally illegal and involuntary act of the state. Second, it may be applied as a circumstance, claimed in connection with reviewing due diligence, and finally as the force majeure clause in international agreements, tailored according to its common law perception. Without hesitation, it is exactly the second permutation of force majeure, which has a strong potential to be the most reliable for the host states, defending themselves against foreign investors, especially when force majeure is applied in the event of armed conflict.

show abstract

Section: úVodunclassified

Force Majeure ako okolnosť vylučujúca protiprávnosť v medzinárodnom investičnom práve

Chovancová¹

2022

pravnyobzor

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…v Juhoafrickej republike a v Líbyi. 74 Aplikačných aj teoretických právnych problémov a podnetov na zamyslenie je, samozrejme, oveľa viac, nemôžu však byť predmetom analýzy na dvadsiatich stranách. Z tohto dôvodu záver štúdie zahrňuje aspoň stručný súhrn parciálnych zistení, naznačených v jej jednotlivých častiach.…”

Section: Expanzia Využitia a Adaptácia Zmluvnej Doložky Vyššej Moci V...unclassified

Uplatnenie force majeure v medzinárodnom investičnom práve v súvislosti s pandémiou COVID 19

Chovancová¹

2022

pravnyobzor

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Use of Force Majeure in International Investment Law in the Aftermath of the COVID 19 Pandemic. Force majeure is today accepted as a fairly classical topic and the circumstance, excluding wrongfulness of the state doing in majority of the world legal systems and the level of its use increased considerably in the last decade. The coronavirus pandemic has enlivened the concept of force majeure in many areas of law, including international investment law. it also proved to be a good source of an ongoing debate on importance of force majeure for international investment and commercial community. This article is an attempt to inform this debate. Except for a general introduction to the use of force majeure exception in relation to the COViD 19 pandemic, this study presents an expansion of its applicability in international investments area within the frame of the CiL, as well as an increase of use of the contractual force majeure clause in the energy sector. Equally, it is going to indicate the reasons of its practicability together with three inferences with regard to the application of force majeure under Article 23 of the iLC Articles, as well as the application of the contractual force majeure clause both in common law and civil law. First, it is no hearing on the grapevine, but the use of contractual force majeure has been heavily recommended in order to secure foreseeability, prudence and a legal certainty. Second, while the force majeure exception is being applied under the CiL mainly in iiAs, wise foreign investors may apply also the contractual force majeure clause in their investment contracts, concluded directly with their host states, while being propped up conveniently also with the supporting governing law of the contract. Besides, there is no reason to induce the civil law contractual parties to apply the common law force majeure clause with always available common law exceptions of impossibility, frustration and impracticability, as they are unknown to the civil law system.

show abstract

أحكام مسؤولية الدولة عن الأعمال المخالفة دوليًا في ظرف الجائحة

الحبابي¹

2021

IRL

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

تحكم العلاقاتِ بين الدول مجموعةٌ من الالتزامات المنبثقة عن قواعد القانون الدولي، سواءٌ أكانت عرفًا دوليًا أم معاهدات. ينبغي احترام الدول لها والوفاء بها. وعندما تخالف تلك الدول التزاماتها الدولية؛ فقد يترتب عليها مسؤولية قانونية؛ شريطة استيفائها لعدد من الشروط. وتكون المسؤولية الدولية عند صدور فعل مخالف دوليًا عن دولة، يلحق ضررًا بدولة أخرى؛ مما يترتب عليه تعويض الأخيرة عن الضرر الذي أصابها. واجتاحت العالم جائحة (كوفيد-19)؛ مما أدى إلى تبني قوانين الطوارئ في الدول، قيدت بعض حقوق الإنسان التي كفلها القانون الدولي، وأوقفت العمل بالتزامات تعاقدية وقانونية منبثقة عن اتفاقيات أبرمتها الدول فيما بينها. مما أثار التساؤل حول موقف القانون الدولي من ذلك، ومدى مخالفة الإجراءات المتخذة لمكافحة الجائحة لقواعد القانون الدولي. تراجع الدراسة أحكام المسؤولية الدولية كأحد الموضوعات الرئيسة للقانون الدولي، وتعنى بوضع القواعد؛ لتحديد ما إذا كانت دولة ما قد خالفت التزاماتها وفقًا للقانون الدولي، والآثار المترتبة على ذلك، وإذا ما كان للدولة أعذار عند مخالفة التزاماتها الدولية، منها جائحة (كوفيد-19)؛ كظرف نافٍ للمسؤولية الدولية.

show abstract

covid-19 Claims and the Law of International Responsibility

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Force Majeure ako okolnosť vylučujúca protiprávnosť v medzinárodnom investičnom práve

Force Majeure ako okolnosť vylučujúca protiprávnosť v medzinárodnom investičnom práve

Uplatnenie force majeure v medzinárodnom investičnom práve v súvislosti s pandémiou COVID 19

أحكام مسؤولية الدولة عن الأعمال المخالفة دوليًا في ظرف الجائحة

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About