COVID-19: Coronavirus Vaccine Development Updates

Zhao, Jing; Zhao, Shan; Ou, Junxian; Zhang, Jing; Lan, Wendong; Guan, Wenyi; Wu, Xiaowei; Yan, Yiran; Zhao, Wei; Wu, Jianguo; Chodosh, James; Zhang, Qiwei

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.602256

Cited by 169 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…Outstanding efforts to develop a vaccine with long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection have been made during the last months. Currently several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being administered worldwide, however the long-term protective effects are still unknown [ 20 ]. The success of the vaccine relies on the long-term persistence of neutralizing antibodies and the development of immune memory cells [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Previously Infected and Non-Infected Cohorts of Health Workers at High Risk of Exposure

Sánchez-Montalvà

Fernández‐Naval

Antón

et al. 2021

JCM

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The objective of this study is to assess the risk of newly acquired RNA detection-proven SARS-CoV-2 infection after previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is a prospective study conducted from March to September 2020 in Barcelona, Spain. Healthcare workers caring for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were divided in two cohorts: (a) previously RNA-proven SARS-CoV-2 infected cohort with mild symptoms (IC) and (b) healthy cohort (HC). Weekly SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection assays from nasopharyngeal swabs were performed. Serology status was assessed at the beginning and at the end of the study. Twenty participants were included in each group. The median age was 30 (IQR 27–34.75) years, and 55% were female. The median time of follow up was 49 (IQR 49–51) days. Fifteen out of 246 (6%) nasopharyngeal swab samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2, all in the IC. The percentage of participants in the IC with a probable newly acquired SARS-CoV-2 RNA-proven infection was 20% (95% IC 5.7–43.6%) at the end of the 7-week follow up period. The incidence reinfection rate was 28.6 (95% IC 7.8–73.2) cases per 1000 person-week. Despite detectable IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 participants highly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 may develop a newly acquired SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection episode during the first months after the initial infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Previously Infected and Non-Infected Cohorts of Health Workers at High Risk of Exposure

Sánchez-Montalvà

Fernández‐Naval

Antón

et al. 2021

JCM

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“…Therefore, as all 3 vaccines cannot result in infection, they are likely safe for patients with immunodeficiency. However, live attenuated COVID-19 vaccines are in development or clinical trials, so in the future it will be important to know which vaccine is being offered with the live attenuated vaccines being avoided until work up and discussion with an immunologist 100 . Another theoretical concern is administration of vaccines in patients with autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders with excessive production of inflammatory cytokines in response to viral products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Immunocompromised Patients

Connelly

Chong

Esbenshade

et al. 2021

Pediatric Clinics of North America

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Synopsis: Although living with the threat of severe infection is a constant worry for many pediatric immunocompromised patients, the pandemic begotten by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) created new fears and challenges for families and health care providers. As people around the world through government directive or independent choice moved into protective isolation, immunosuppressed children who routinely require medical management were challenged with necessary public ventures to health care facilities. Medical centers adapted by developing new approaches to care for immunocompromised children such as expanding telemedicine services and conversion to at home immune therapies to reduce infectious exposure. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 of asymptomatic patients prior to medical therapies became routine in most modern health care units and development of highly sensitive assays was critical to avoid patient and staff exposure as well as initiation of new immunosuppressive treatment in positive patients. As the prevalence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) amplified and infected immunocompromised patients became more common, questions quickly arose including how aggressively to treat the infection with most agents still in clinical trials. Additionally how should chronic immunosuppressant drugs that may interfere with the ability to clear the virus be adjusted? Finally, what if the infection leads to excessive immune responses or flares of the underlying disorder? In this review, we explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immunocompromised children during the first year, summarizing what is known and yet to be discovered, approaches to testing and treatment of SARS-CoV-2, considerations in management of underlying immune suppressive medications, outcomes published to date, and strategies for vaccinating this unique population.

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“…Two mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) are currently approved for emergency use in the U.S. (3,4). In addition to these U.S.approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, there are over 200 other vaccine candidates at various developmental stages, from preclinical testing to approved usage outside the U.S. (5). To understand the differences in efficacy between vaccine candidates and between immunity developed from vaccination versus natural infection, it is important to continue to explore the characteristics of protective immunity after natural infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%