COVID-19 delirium and encephalopathy: Pathophysiology assumed in the first 3 years of the ongoing pandemic

Otani, Kyohei; Fukushima, Haruko; Matsuishi, Kunitaka

doi:10.1016/j.dscb.2023.100074

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Based on previous research involving similar viruses, it has been suggested that the origin of neuropsychiatric symptoms may be attributed to the virus’s ability to invade the central nervous system (CNS), leading to an exacerbated release of cytokines and chemokines that ultimately result in inflammation within the CNS. Consequently, this affects the blood–brain barrier (BBB), allowing immune cells to migrate into the CNS, potentially causing neurotransmitter imbalances [ 125 , 126 , 127 ].…”

Section: Neurological Manifestations and Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Unveiling the Neuropsychiatric Maze—From Acute to Long-Term Manifestations

Ariza,

Castellar-Visbal,

Marquina

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread rapidly despite implementing strategies to reduce its transmission. The disease caused by this virus has been associated with a diverse range of symptoms, including common neurological manifestations such as dysgeusia, anosmia, and myalgias. Additionally, numerous cases of severe neurological complications associated with this disease have been reported, including encephalitis, stroke, seizures, and Guillain–Barré syndrome, among others. Given the high prevalence of neurological manifestations in this disease, the objective of this review is to analyze the mechanisms by which this virus can affect the nervous system, from its direct invasion to aberrant activation of the immune system and other mechanisms involved in the symptoms, including neuropsychiatric manifestations, to gain a better understanding of the disease and thus facilitate the search for effective therapeutic strategies.

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Section: Neurological Manifestations and Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Unveiling the Neuropsychiatric Maze—From Acute to Long-Term Manifestations

Ariza,

Castellar-Visbal,

Marquina

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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“…Delirium has also been noted in some COVID-19 patients, especially in older persons and those who are hypoxic or have high fever [ 123 , 124 ]. A study of 516 patients across four Italian medical centers found 73 patients presenting with delirium on admission.…”

Section: Symptoms Of Long Covidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long COVID, the Brain, Nerves, and Cognitive Function

Reiss

Greene

Dayaramani

et al. 2023

Neurology International

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SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA coronavirus, causes an illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Long-term complications are an increasing issue in patients who have been infected with COVID-19 and may be a result of viral-associated systemic and central nervous system inflammation or may arise from a virus-induced hypercoagulable state. COVID-19 may incite changes in brain function with a wide range of lingering symptoms. Patients often experience fatigue and may note brain fog, sensorimotor symptoms, and sleep disturbances. Prolonged neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms are prevalent and can interfere substantially in everyday life, leading to a massive public health concern. The mechanistic pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 infection causes neurological sequelae are an important subject of ongoing research. Inflammation- induced blood-brain barrier permeability or viral neuro-invasion and direct nerve damage may be involved. Though the mechanisms are uncertain, the resulting symptoms have been documented from numerous patient reports and studies. This review examines the constellation and spectrum of nervous system symptoms seen in long COVID and incorporates information on the prevalence of these symptoms, contributing factors, and typical course. Although treatment options are generally lacking, potential therapeutic approaches for alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life are explored.

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“…The neurological manifestations linked to COVID-19 are driven by inflammatory responses that inundate the brain via proinflammatory factors, causing damage to neural cells and resulting in brain ischemia ( Otani et al, 2023 ). The gut microbiota plays an important role in controlling inflammation through direct and indirect mechanisms ( Maciel-Fiuza et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19-associated encephalopathy: connection between neuroinflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis

Duve,

Petakh,

Kamyshnyi

2024

Front. Microbiol.

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While neurological complications of COVID-19, such as encephalopathy, are relatively rare, their potential significant impact on long-term morbidity is substantial, especially given the large number of infected patients. Two proposed hypotheses for the pathogenesis of this condition are hypoxia and the uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines. The gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating immune homeostasis and overall gut health, including its effects on brain health through various pathways collectively termed the gut–brain axis. Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients exhibit gut dysbiosis, but how this dysbiosis can affect inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear. In this context, we discuss how dysbiosis could contribute to neuroinflammation and provide recent data on the features of neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients.

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COVID-19 delirium and encephalopathy: Pathophysiology assumed in the first 3 years of the ongoing pandemic

Cited by 14 publications

References 65 publications

COVID-19: Unveiling the Neuropsychiatric Maze—From Acute to Long-Term Manifestations

COVID-19: Unveiling the Neuropsychiatric Maze—From Acute to Long-Term Manifestations

Long COVID, the Brain, Nerves, and Cognitive Function

COVID-19-associated encephalopathy: connection between neuroinflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis

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