COVID-19: Evidenced Health Disparity

Iyanda, Ayodeji Emmanuel; Boakye, Kwadwo; Lu, Yongmei

doi:10.3390/encyclopedia1030057

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…Recent vaccination statistics imply a higher social and racial disparity in regions with fewer vaccination rates [20]. To our knowledge, this is the first spatial epidemiological study that investigates the socioeconomic determinants of the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the continental United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Spatial Modeling of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States

Mollalo

Tatar

2021

IJERPH

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Vaccine hesitancy refers to delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services. Despite the efforts of United States healthcare providers to vaccinate the bulk of its population, vaccine hesitancy is still a severe challenge that has led to the resurgence of COVID-19 cases to over 100,000 people during early August 2021. To our knowledge, there are limited nationwide studies that examined the spatial distribution of vaccination rates, mainly based on the social vulnerability index (SVI). In this study, we compiled a database of the percentage of fully vaccinated people at the county scale across the continental United States as of 29 July 2021, along with SVI data as potential significant covariates. We further employed multiscale geographically weighted regression to model spatial nonstationarity of vaccination rates. Our findings indicated that the model could explain over 79% of the variance of vaccination rate based on Per capita income and Minority (%) (with positive impacts), and Age 17 and younger (%), Mobile homes (%), and Uninsured people (%) (with negative effects). However, the impact of each covariate varied for different counties due to using separate optimal bandwidths. This timely study can serve as a geospatial reference to support public health decision-makers in forming region-specific policies in monitoring vaccination programs from a geographic perspective.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Spatial Modeling of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States

Mollalo

Tatar

2021

IJERPH

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“…Research showed in 2019 that 55% of global communities, mainly developing countries, had no social protection which exacerbated economic disparities leading to food insecurity, limitations to services, and strain on agriculture economics during COVID [ 2 ]. These strains also contributed to less availability to education and reduced access to health insurance [ 3 ]. By having the highest reported cases of COVID in Southwest Asia and higher confirmed COVID cases and death per capita when compared to other countries in Asia, the Philippines stands out as a developing country recovering from the devastation of COVID [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The viral picture of well-being: Biggest concerns, losses, and unintended gifts of COVID-19 in the Philippines

Tuason,

Perniciaro,

Lamadrid

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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The COVID-19 pandemic revealed more than anticipated about global human functioning and resiliency. This Philippines-based study replicated a recent U.S. COVID analysis on psychological well-being (PWB). Factors examined herein were grouped into categories for analysis: 1) predictors of PWB, 2) areas of greatest stress or worry (biggest concerns), 3) perceived or real losses across SES, and 4) identified “unintended gifts” across PWB. Participants (n = 1345) were volunteers who responded to an online survey from August to September 2021, peak of the Delta variant. Three general groups of predictors (biological, psychological, and socio-economic) contributed to PWB. A regression model containing a total of 11 variables was significant, F(11, 1092) = 116.02, p < .00, explaining 53.9% of the variance. The model indicated PWB was significantly predicted by physical health, age, spirituality, emotional loneliness, social loneliness, sense of agency, and income. The strongest predictors of PWB were a sense of agency, social loneliness, and spirituality. Qualitative data analysis was conducted examining biggest concerns, losses due to COVID, and unintended gifts. Top ranking participant concerns were the health of family and friends, personal wellness, and governmental inefficiency/lack of concern. Losses compared to pre-COVID life were analyzed by SES group, with the most frequent responses being missing face-to-face interactions and the freedom to go/do what they please. Low SES groups were most likely to endorse missing everyday routine and experiencing changes in housing conditions due to the pandemic. Unintended gifts of COVID explored by PWB, high PWB individuals significantly appreciated intentional time with family and friends, deepening their spiritual lives, the ability to work from home, less pollution, and more time for physical exercise. Low PWB individuals reported nothing gained, except more time playing video games and watching TV. Those with higher PWB identified more unintended gifts of COVID and coped more actively.

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Demographic Variance in COVID‐19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Reproductive‐Aged Females During the First Year of the Vaccine Rollout

Gilani,

Butler,

Shamshuddin

et al. 2024

Repro Female Child Health

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ObjectiveInitial COVID‐19 vaccine trials excluded pregnant individuals, making eventual vaccine recommendations nongeneralizable. After noninferiority was established, the CDC, WHO, and ACOG supported vaccination of this group. However, only 31% of pregnant people accepted vaccination. This study aims to assess COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy in a diverse cohort of reproductive‐aged females.MethodsWe used a validated WHO vaccine hesitancy survey tool, modified to address the COVID‐19 vaccine specifically. From August to November 2021, people capable of pregnancy aged 18–50 years were recruited from inpatient and outpatient OB/GYN services at a large, urban, academic centre in the Midwestern United States. The responses were collected anonymously and analysed using Kruskal–Wallis H and Mann–Whitney U tests.ResultsFifty‐one of sixty participants partially or fully completed the survey. Black individuals were more vaccine‐hesitant in general than Hispanic and White individuals (H[2] = 11.179, p < 0.01), and they were more hesitant toward the COVID‐19 vaccine specifically (H[2] = 9.396, p < 0.01). Pregnant people were less confident that the COVID‐19 vaccine was safe overall (H[2] = 11.473, p < 0.005) compared to those recently pregnant or not pregnant. Individuals not using contraception reported being significantly less confident in the safety of the COVID‐19 vaccine (U = 96.500, p < 0.05). Individuals who declined the flu vaccine were more likely to be COVID‐19 vaccine‐hesitant (U = 79.500, p < 0.001). Participants' age and occupation were not associated with vaccine hesitancy.ConclusionVaccine hesitancy particularly among some demographic groups highlights the need to study the underlying factors contributing to a lack of confidence in the safety of the COVID‐19 vaccine.SynopsisOur validated survey‐based study found that Black participants capable of pregnancy were the most vaccine‐hesitant, highlighting a missed opportunity to care for these individuals.

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COVID-19: Evidenced Health Disparity

Cited by 6 publications

References 95 publications

Spatial Modeling of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States

Spatial Modeling of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States

The viral picture of well-being: Biggest concerns, losses, and unintended gifts of COVID-19 in the Philippines

Demographic Variance in COVID‐19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Reproductive‐Aged Females During the First Year of the Vaccine Rollout

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