COVID-19 healthcare cost and length of hospital stay in Turkey: retrospective analysis from the first peak of the pandemic

Öksüz, E; Malhan, S; Gonen, Mustafa Sait; Kutlubay, Zekayi; Keskindemirci, Yılmaz; Tabak, Fehmı

doi:10.1186/s13561-021-00338-8

Cited by 30 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The regression analysis shows that during this period government effectiveness is important, an indicator that has a positive influence on efficiency. Our results are similar to those obtained by [ 15 , 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

COVID-19 and the efficiency of health systems in Europe

Lupu

Ţigănaşu

2022

Health Econ Rev

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Background This study aims at analyzing the efficiency of the health systems of 31 European countries in treating COVID-19, for the period January 1, 2020 – January 1, 2021, by incorporating some factors from a multidimensional perspective. Methods The methodology used in the research was Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), through which efficiency scores for health systems have been calculated. The research was performed considering three stages: the first wave (January 1–June 15), the relaxation period (June 15–October 1) and the second wave (October 1–December 31). In evaluating the determinants of the efficiency of health systems, six major fields of influence were taken into account: health care, health status, population, economic, cultural/societal and governmental issues, all covering 15 indicators. After measuring the efficiency, we used the Tobit type regression to establish the influencing elements on it. Results The results for the public health systems of European states were determined for each country and period. We evaluated the efficiency of health systems in Europe against COVID-19, starting from health inputs (COVID-19 cases, physicians, nurses, hospital beds, health expenditure) and output (COVID-19 deaths). The obtained outputs show that, especially in the first phase of the pandemic, the inefficiency of the health systems was quite high, mainly in Western countries (Italy, Belgium, Spain, UK). In the relaxation phase and in the second wave, the Western states, severely affected at the beginning of the pandemic, began to take adequate measures and improve the efficiency of their sanitary systems. Instead, Eastern European countries were hit hard by the inefficiency of health systems (Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Romania). After Tobit regression, results of the study show that the influencing elements are different for the three stages: concerning the first wave, comobirdities, population age, and population density are important; for relaxation period a great influence have government effectiveness and power distance; with respect to second wave, the relevant factors are education and population density. Conclusions The results obtained could serve as starting points for health policymakers to perform comparative analyzes in terms of good practices in the health system and to develop national plans to better deal with health crises. At the same time, they can be used internationally to achieve a coherent and effective community response to the pandemic.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

COVID-19 and the efficiency of health systems in Europe

Lupu

Ţigănaşu

2022

Health Econ Rev

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“…Moreover, in hospitalized patients in Turkey, the mean LOS was 8.0 days for patients hospitalized in general wards versus 14.8 days for patients hospitalized in ICUs. This finding is consistent with our study with respect to general-wards stays and significantly less than twice the LOS in the ICU 22 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This observation is consistent with the findings of Rae et al 12 Moreover, in hospitalized patients in Turkey, the mean LOS was 8.0 days for patients hospitalized in general wards versus 14.8 days for patients hospitalized in ICUs. This finding is consistent with our study with respect to general-wards stays and significantly less than twice the LOS in the ICU 22 . Moreover, our results found that the total ICU cost was 121,094,671.6 SAR (average cost ≈ 54,498.5 SAR), whereas the total general ward cost was 72,299,431.52 SAR (average cost ≈ 22,981.4 SAR), findings consistent with the results of a study by Khan AA et al These findings reveal that the expense of medical care increases as the severity of the patient's condition increases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…A Turkish study on 163 patients admitted to the ICU found that the largest share of ICU costs was associated with procedural packages (72%), followed by medication costs (12.8%). In our study, we found that the highest costs for patient care were associated with ICU stays, including procedural packages (75%) and laboratory investigations (6.44%), followed by anticoagulant prophylaxis, including mechanical and medications (5.44), and then treatment (4%) 22 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Health Economic Burden of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

Alenzi

Al-malky

Altebainawi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed a massive economic burden on health care systems worldwide. Saudi Arabia is one of the numerous countries that have been economically affected by this pandemic. The objective of this study was to provide real-world data on the health economic burden of COVID-19 on the Saudi health sector and assess the direct medical costs associated with the management of COVID-19.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted based on data collected from patients hospitalized with COVID-19 across ten institutions in eight different regions in Saudi Arabia. The study calculated the estimated costs of all cases during the study period by using direct medical costs. These costs included costs directly related to medical services, such as the health care treatment, hospital stays, laboratory investigations, treatment, outcome, and other related care.ResultsA total of 5,286 adult patients admitted with COVID-19 during the study period were included in the study. The average age of the patients was 54 years, and the majority were male. Among the COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a general ward, the median hospital length of stay was 5.5 days (mean: 9.18 days), while the ICU stay was 4.26 days (mean: 7.94 days). The total medical costs for general ward and ICU patients were 14,585,640 SAR and 90,776,250 SAR, respectively. The total laboratory investigations ranked as the highest-cost services (22,086,296 SAR), followed by treatment (14,574,233.1 SAR). Overall, the total cost of all medical services for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 was 193,394,103.1 SAR.ConclusionThis national study found that COVID-19 was not only a serious concern for patients but also a serious economic burden on the health care system in Saudi Arabia.Key pointsThe nursing costs and length of stay were lower in the ICU than in the general ward.The costs of hospitalization in general medical wards were less than those of admission to the ICU.These cost data will be valuable for future researchers evaluating the COVID-19 pandemic’s increasing health care economic burden in Saudi Arabia and the implementation of cost-effective models to assess the possible implications of COVID-19 prevention and treatment initiatives.

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“…These expenses are included in the general hospitalization costs and are not influenced by the severity or outcome of the HF. Even if current literature data emphasize the high costs associated with COVID-19 hospitalization, this aspect refers mainly to cases with severe infection, with COVID-19 as the primary pathology leading to emergency admission [ 45 ]. Specifically for HF, there are intriguing data: on the one hand, the number of HF-related hospitalizations has decreased by 30–66% during pandemic period, compared to 2017–2019 [ 46 , 47 , 48 ], on the other hand, the costs per patient have increased due to severe presentations, requiring advanced supportive care and costly equipment and medication [ 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Prognosis and Profile of Patients Admitted for Acute Heart Failure during COVID-19 Pandemic: Overestimated Aspects or a Multifaceted Hydra of Cardiovascular Risk Factors?

et al. 2021

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Background: Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that represents a great burden on public health systems due to its increased prevalence, disability and mortality rates. There are multiple triggers that can induce or aggravate a preexisting HF, socioeconomic status (SES) emerging as one of the most common modifiable risk factors. Our study aimed to analyze the influence of certain SES indicators on the outcome, clinical aspects and laboratory parameters of patients with HF in North-Eastern Romania, as well as their relationship with other traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: We conducted a prospective, single-center study comprising 120 consecutively enrolled patients admitted for acute HF. The evaluation of individual SES was based upon a standard questionnaire and evidence from official documents. Results: the patients’ age ranged between 18 and 94 years; Out of 120 patients, 49 (40.8%) were women and 71 (59.2%) were men, residing in rural 59 (49.2%) or urban 61 (50.8%) areas. 14.2% were university graduates, while 15.8% had only attended primary school. The majority of the patients are or were employed in the service sector (54.5%), followed by industry (29.2%) and agriculture (20%). The mean monthly income was 306.1 ± 177.4 euro, while the mean hospitalization cost was 2471.8 ± 2073.8 euro per patient. The individual income level was positively correlated with urban area of residence, adequate household sanitation facilities and healthcare access, and negatively associated with advanced age and previous hospitalizations due to HF. However, the individual financial situation was also positively correlated with the increased prevalence of certain cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension, anemia or obesity, but not with total cholesterol or male gender. Concerning the direct impact of a poor economic status upon prognosis in the setting of acute HF, our results showed no statistically significant differences concerning the in-hospital or at 1-month follow-up mortality rates. Rather than inducing a direct impact on the short-term outcome, these findings concerning SES indicators are meant to enhance the implementation of policies aimed to provide adequate healthcare for people from all social layers, with a primary focus on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.

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COVID-19 healthcare cost and length of hospital stay in Turkey: retrospective analysis from the first peak of the pandemic

Cited by 30 publications

References 22 publications

COVID-19 and the efficiency of health systems in Europe

COVID-19 and the efficiency of health systems in Europe

Health Economic Burden of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Prognosis and Profile of Patients Admitted for Acute Heart Failure during COVID-19 Pandemic: Overestimated Aspects or a Multifaceted Hydra of Cardiovascular Risk Factors?

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