COVID-19 Infection Among Women in Iran Exposed vs Unexposed to Children Who Received Attenuated Poliovirus Used in Oral Polio Vaccine

Habibzadeh, Farrokh; Sajadi, Mohammad M.; Chumakov, Konstantin; Yadollahie, Mahboobeh; Kottilil, Shyamasundaran; Simi, Ashraf; Stafford, Kristen A.; Saeidimehr, Saeid; Rafiei, Mohammad; Gallo, Robert C.

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.35044

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The most important limitation of this study is that ecological studies demonstrating correlations cannot provide the final proof of causality, but rather should be used as hypothesis-generating tools. In this particular case, the correlation presented in this study agrees well with other observations of broadly protective effects of OPV against influenza [ 15 , 16 ] and other infections [ 17 ], making our conclusions more plausible. Another limitation of our study is that we did not consider the number of diagnostic tests daily performed in each country.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Because of its nature, ecological studies cannot prove causal relationships; they are mostly considered “hypothesis generating” studies. In this case, the hypothesis about protective effect of OPV against COVID-19 is also supported by other independent evidence [ 17 ]. The non-specific protective effects provided by LAVs against unrelated infections have been demonstrated previously [ 8 – 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…We hypothesize that this correlation might reflect the protective effect of the live attenuated poliovirus in the OPV against SARS-CoV-2. Recently, we have shown that mothers whose children recently received OPV do not develop symptomatic COVID-19 for at least 6 months, probably for the indirect exposure they had to the attenuated poliovirus in the vaccine [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OPV is made from live attenuated virus that can transmit to contacts of vaccine recipients. In a recent cohort study, we have shown that indirect exposure to the attenuated poliovirus excreted by OPV recipients was associated with decreased symptomatic infection with COVID-19 [ 17 ]. Herein, we would like to test the hypothesis in an alternative indirect way.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of oral polio vaccine and the incidence of COVID-19 in the world

et al. 2022

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Background Several live attenuated vaccines were shown to provide temporary protection against a variety of infectious diseases through stimulation of the host innate immune system. Objective To test the hypothesis that countries using oral polio vaccine (OPV) have a lower cumulative number of cases diagnosed with COVID-19 per 100,000 population (CP100K) compared with those using only inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Methods In an ecological study, the CP100K was compared between countries using OPV vs IPV. We used a random-effect meta-analysis technique to estimate the pooled mean for CP100K. We also used negative binomial regression with CP100K as the dependent variable and the human development index (HDI) and the type of vaccine used as independent variables. Results The pooled estimated mean CP100K was 4970 (95% CI 4030 to 5900) cases per 100,000 population for countries using IPV, significantly (p<0.001) higher than that for countries using OPV—1580 (1190 to 1960). Countries with higher HDI prefer to use IPV; those with lower HDI commonly use OPV. Both HDI and the type of vaccine were independent predictors of CP100K. Use of OPV compared to IPV could independently decrease the CP100K by an average of 30% at the mean HDI of 0.72. Conclusions Countries using OPV have a lower incidence of COVID-19 compared to those using IPV. This might suggest that OPV may either prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection at individual level or slow down the transmission at the community level.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of oral polio vaccine and the incidence of COVID-19 in the world

et al. 2022

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“…In the Original Investigation titled “COVID-19 Infection Risk Among Women in Iran Exposed vs Unexposed to Children Who Received Attenuated Poliovirus Used in Oral Polio Vaccine,” 1 published November 24, 2021, there was an error in Figure 1. Of the 65 789 individuals who received care in Ahwaz, Iran, 59 085 were excluded, and of the 22 134 individuals who received care in Shiraz, Iran, 19 568 were excluded.…”

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confidence: 99%

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2021

JAMA Netw Open

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The impact of trained immunity in respiratory viral infections

Piret,

Boivin

2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Epidemic peaks of respiratory viruses that co‐circulate during the winter‐spring seasons can be synchronous or asynchronous. The occurrence of temporal patterns in epidemics caused by some respiratory viruses suggests that they could negatively interact with each other. These negative interactions may result from a programme of innate immune memory, known as trained immunity, which may confer broad protective effects against respiratory viruses. It is suggested that stimulation of innate immune cells by a vaccine or a pathogen could induce their long‐term functional reprogramming through an interplay between metabolic and epigenetic changes, which influence the transcriptional response to a secondary challenge. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the circulation of most respiratory viruses was prevented by non‐pharmacological interventions and then resumed at unusual periods once sanitary measures were lifted. With time, respiratory viruses should find again their own ecological niches. This transition period provides an opportunity to study the interactions between respiratory viruses at the population level.

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COVID-19 Infection Among Women in Iran Exposed vs Unexposed to Children Who Received Attenuated Poliovirus Used in Oral Polio Vaccine

Cited by 21 publications

References 36 publications

Use of oral polio vaccine and the incidence of COVID-19 in the world

Use of oral polio vaccine and the incidence of COVID-19 in the world

Error in Figure

The impact of trained immunity in respiratory viral infections

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