COVID-19 Infection in Children and Infants: Current Status on Therapies and Vaccines

Malcangi, Giuseppina; Inchingolo, Alessio Danilo; Inchingolo, Angelo Michele; Piras, Fabio; Settanni, Vito; Garofoli, Grazia; Palmieri, Giulia; Ceci, Sabino; Patano, Assunta; Mancini, Antonio; Vimercati, Luigi; Nemore, Damiano; Scardapane, Arnaldo; Rapone, Biagio; Semjonova, Alexandra; D’Oria, Maria Teresa; Macchia, Luigi; Bordea, Ioana Roxana; Migliore, Giovanni; Scarano, Antonio; Lorusso, Felice; Tartaglia, Gianluca Martino; Giovanniello, Delia; Nucci, Ludovica; Maggialetti, Nicola; Parisi, Antonio; Domenico, Marina Di; Brienza, Nicola; Tafuri, Silvio; Stefanizzi, Pasquale; Curatoli, Luigi; Corriero, Alberto; Contaldo, María; Inchingolo, Francesco; Dipalma, Gianna

doi:10.3390/children9020249

Cited by 38 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 185 publications

(263 reference statements)

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“…In this study, the higher number of comorbidities and, therefore, higher CCI leads to a trend toward higher mortality (52.94% for Omicron versus 41.9% for Delta) even though it is not statistically significant, probably due to the restricted sample size; this pattern is, on the one hand, in line with data from other studies in the last two years that have shown that pre-existing comorbidities represent independent risk factors associated with COVID-19 in-hospital mortality [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. On the other hand, no difference in the mortality between the two groups was found by Vieillard-Baron et al However, only pneumonia and immunosuppression were considered to be comorbidities [ 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

COVID-19 Variants in Critically Ill Patients: A Comparison of the Delta and Omicron Variant Profiles

Corriero

Ribezzi

Mele

et al. 2022

Infectious Disease Reports

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Background: Coronavirus disease is a pandemic that has disrupted many human lives, threatening people’s physical and mental health. Each pandemic wave struck in different ways, infectiveness-wise and mortality-wise. This investigation focuses on critically ill patients affected by the last two variants, Delta and Omicron, and aims to analyse if any difference exists between the two groups. Methods: intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 consecutive admissions between 1 October 2021 and 31 March 2022 were recorded daily, and data concerning the patients’ demographics, variants, main comorbidities, ICU parameters on admission, and the outcome were analysed by a univariate procedure and by a multivariate analysis. Results: 65 patients were enrolled, 31 (47.69%) belonging to the Omicron versus 34 (52.31%) to the Delta group. The mortality rate was 52.94% for the Omicron group versus 41.9% for the Delta group. A univariate analysis showed that the Omicron variant was associated with total comorbidities number, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), pre-existing pulmonary disease, vaccination status, and acute kidney injury (AKI). In stepwise multivariate analysis, the total number of comorbidities was positively associated with the Omicron group, while pulmonary embolism was negatively correlated with the Omicron group. Conclusion: Omicron appears to have lost some of the hallmarks of the Delta variant, such as endothelialitis and more limited cellular tropism when it comes to the patients in the ICU. Further studies are encouraged to explore different therapeutic approaches to treat critical patients with COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

COVID-19 Variants in Critically Ill Patients: A Comparison of the Delta and Omicron Variant Profiles

Corriero

Ribezzi

Mele

et al. 2022

Infectious Disease Reports

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“…The onset of metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, neurological, psychic, and oncological diseases is often related to dysbiotic conditions [ 26 ]. A recent study on the role of the oral microbiome, dysbiosis, and long COVID was performed by metagenomic sequencing using lingual swabs from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. In the oral MB of the patients with long COVID, bacteria such as Prevotella and Villanella predominated and are known to have inflammatory activity: Villanella strains stimulate IL-6 production, while Prevotella strains activate IL-23 and IL-1 and toll-like receptor 2 [ 4 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits and Implications of Resveratrol Supplementation on Microbiota Modulations: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Inchingolo

Malcangi

Inchingolo

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Resveratrol is a polyphenol that has been shown to possess many applications in different fields of medicine. This systematic review has drawn attention to the axis between resveratrol and human microbiota, which plays a key role in maintaining an adequate immune response that can lead to different diseases when compromised. Resveratrol can also be an asset in new technologies, such as gene therapy. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to find papers that matched our topic dating from 1 January 2017 up to 18 January 2022, with English-language restriction using the following Boolean keywords: (“resveratrol” AND “microbio*”). Eighteen studies were included as relevant papers matching the purpose of our investigation. Immune response, prevention of thrombotic complications, microbiota, gene therapy, and bone regeneration were retrieved as the main topics. The analyzed studies mostly involved resveratrol supplementation and its effects on human microbiota by trials in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The beneficial activity of resveratrol is evident by analyzing the changes in the host’s genetic expression and the gastrointestinal microbial community with its administration. The possibility of identifying individual microbial families may allow to tailor therapeutic plans with targeted polyphenolic diets when associated with microbial dysbiosis, such as inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, degenerative diseases, tumors, obesity, diabetes, bone tissue regeneration, and metabolic syndrome.

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“…Pediatric COVID-19 cases only accounted for a small proportion of infection in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic when many countries implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions and strict containment measures [8-12]. However, the incidence rate of COVID-19 in children showed a rising trend in the epidemic countries following suspension of lockdown and school reopening [12,13]. After the large-scale epidemic in early 2020, China entered a normalization stage of prevention and control, and massive COVID-19 vaccination campaign was launched nationwide in 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pediatric COVID-19 cases only accounted for a small proportion of infection in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic when many countries implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions and strict containment measures [8][9][10][11][12]. However, the incidence rate of COVID-19 in children showed a rising trend in the epidemic countries following suspension of lockdown and school reopening [12,13]. After…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in children during the outbreak of Omicron Variant in Shanghai, March 7-March 31, 2022

Wang

Chang

Tian

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Objectives: To understand the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stage of Omicron variant outbreak in Shanghai. Methods: This study included local COVID-19 cases <18 years in Shanghai referred to the exclusively designated hospital by the end of March 2022 since emergence of Omicron epidemic. Clinical data, epidemiological exposure and COVID-19 vaccination status were collected. Relative risks (RR) were calculated to assess the effect of vaccination on symptomatic infection and febrile disease. Results: A total of 376 pediatric cases of COVID-19 (median age:6.0±4.2 years) were referred to the designated hospital during the period of March 7-31, including 257 (68.4%) symptomatic cases and 119 (31.6%) asymptomatic cases. Of the 307 (81.6%) children;3 years eligible for COVID-19 vaccination, 110 (40.4%) received 2-dose vaccines and 16 (4.0%) received 1-dose vaccine. The median interval between 2-dose vaccination and infection was 3.5 (IQR: 3, 4.5) months (16 days-7 months). Two-dose COVID-19 vaccination reduced the risks of symptomatic infection and febrile disease by 35% (RR 0.65, 95% CI:0.53-0.79) and 33% (RR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.51-0.81). Two hundred and sixteen (83.4%) symptomatic cases had fever (mean duration: 1.7±1.0.8 days), 104 (40.2%) had cough, 16.4% had transient leukopenia; 307 (81.6%) had an epidemiological exposure in household (69.1%), school (21.8%) and residential area (8.8%). Conclusion: The surge of pediatric COVID-19 cases and multiple transmission model reflect wide dissemination of Omicron variant in the community. Asymptomatic infection is common among Omicron-infected children. COVID-19 vaccination can offer protection against symptomatic infection and febrile disease.

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COVID-19 Infection in Children and Infants: Current Status on Therapies and Vaccines

Cited by 38 publications

References 185 publications

COVID-19 Variants in Critically Ill Patients: A Comparison of the Delta and Omicron Variant Profiles

COVID-19 Variants in Critically Ill Patients: A Comparison of the Delta and Omicron Variant Profiles

Benefits and Implications of Resveratrol Supplementation on Microbiota Modulations: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Epidemiological and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in children during the outbreak of Omicron Variant in Shanghai, March 7-March 31, 2022

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