COVID-19 Infection in Iranian Children: A Case Series of 9 Patients

Rahimzadeh, Golnar; Noghabi, Mina Ekrami; Elyaderani, Fereshteh Kadkhodaei; Navaeifar, Mohammad Reza; Enayati, Ahmad Ali; Anari, Ali Manafi; Hujati, Maryam; Rezai, Shaghayegh; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh

doi:10.32598/jpr.8.2.139

Cited by 81 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…IFN-α in China is also usually applied to manage viral pneumonia, bronchiolitis, SARS, acute upper respiratory tract infections, hand foot and mouth disease, and other viral infections in children. 31) The option of antiviral treatment of IFN-α nebulization is divided according to symptom severity: Children with mild 17) Lou et al 40) Cai et al 33) Rahimzadeh et al 32) Liu et al 25) García-Salido et al 35) Publication disease are administered 100,000-200,000 IU/kg, while those with severe disease could be given 200,000-400,000 IU/kg in 2 mL of sterile water twice daily for 5-7 days, 31,37) while high-risk populations in close contact with suspected COVID-19-infected patients or patients in the early phase with only upper respiratory tract symptoms could be administered IFN-α2b spray. The IFN-α2b should be administered as 1-2 sprays to each nasal cavity or 8-10 sprays to the oropharynx.…”

Section: Antivirals and Antiviral-like Drugs Including Anti-influenzmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23) In addition to receiving supportive therapy, most patients within the two studies also received received oxygen therapy due to hypoxemia upon admission. 17,32) Only one 3-year-old female child with severe manifestation of respiratory disease shown by ground glass opacity in both lungs received supplemental oxygen. She also received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) from healthy donors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These 2-and 10-year-old patients had mild hypoxemia and respiratory distress with saturations of 78%-90% and 68%, respectively. 32) Sun et al 17) reported on 2 critically ill children who underwent invasive MV. Moreover, in a case series in Spain, García-Salido et al 35) described that nearly all children with COVID-19 presented increased respiratory effort and required oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of management of children with COVID-19

Wati

Manggala

2020

Clin Exp Pediatr

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The widespread and contagious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has become a burden in the global health domain. The subsequent discovery of the virus features and pathogenesis, and prompt and adequate management are still lacking and remain inconclusive. Children usually present milder symptoms than adults, and management focuses on providing symptomatic and respiratory supports. Several treatment modalities, including the utilization of mechanical ventilation (MV), antivirals, immune-modulating drugs, or other agents, may present promising results in reducing the symptoms of COVID-19, particularly in severe cases. Although no randomized clinical trials have been published to date, it is interesting to explore potential modalities for treating COVID-19 in children, based on review articles, case reports, and recent guidelines.

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Section: Antivirals and Antiviral-like Drugs Including Anti-influenzmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of management of children with COVID-19

Wati

Manggala

2020

Clin Exp Pediatr

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“…Up to now, the world has witnessed the deadly and destructive outbreak of various coronavirus-related diseases including SARS during 2002-2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012 with a case fatality rate of 10 and 35.5%, respectively [5][6]. Researches have shown that the COVID-19 has a human to human transmission and its incubation period varies between 2-14 days [7][8]. Although, the transmission mostly occurs when a patient is symptomatic, the studies have indicated that it may also happen during the asymptomatic incubation period [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although, the transmission mostly occurs when a patient is symptomatic, the studies have indicated that it may also happen during the asymptomatic incubation period [9]. Clinical manifestations of this disease include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties and other complications related to respiratory tract involvement so that, in more severe cases infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and even death [7][8][9]. Based on the warnings, older adults and people with serious heart disease, diabetes and lung disease may hurt severely from the COVID-19 [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiological trends of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Iran: February 19 to March 22, 2020

Madadizadeh¹,

Sefidkar²

2020

Preprint

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Background The Coronavirus has crossed the geographical borders of various countries without any restrictions. This study was performed to identify the epidemiological trends of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Iran during February 19 to March 22, 2020.Methods This cross sectional study was carried out in 31 provinces by using the daily number of newly infected cases which was announced by the Iranian health authorities from February 19 to March 22, 2020, we explore the trend of outbreak of coronavirus disease in all provinces of Iran and determine some influential factors such as population size, area, population density, distance from original epicenter, altitude, and human development index (HDI) for each province on its spread by Spearman correlation coefficient. K-means cluster analysis (KMCA) also categorized the provinces into 10 separate groups based on CF and ACF of the infected cases at the end of the study period. (ACF).Results There were 21,638 infected, 7,913 recovered and 2,299 death cases with COVID-19 in Iran during the study period. By March 22, CF shows that, most cases are attributed to Tehran province, while ACF shows that most are attributed to Semnan province. There was a positive significant correlation between CF of the infected cases and province population sizes (r=0.45), HDI (r=0.58); province population density (r=0.47); a negative significant correlation between the CF of the infected cases and distance from original epicenter (r=-0.47). KMCA results based on CF showed very high level of outbreak was in Tehran while KMCA based on ACF showed very high level of outbreak were in Semnan and Qom provinces.Conclusions Special attention is needed for the provinces nearer to the original epicenter which are high risk spots in terms of the severe prevalence of COVID-19. In the absence of definite treatment for this infectious disease, the effective solutions to reduce the transmission of the disease are early isolation of the cases, quarantine for close contacts both in families and community and observing personal hygiene.

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A systematic review and meta‐analysis of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)

Cui

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

337

278

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Objective To provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and imaging features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in pediatric patients. Methods A meta‐analysis was carried out to identify studies on COVID‐19 from December 25, 2019 to April 30, 2020. Results A total of 48 studies with 5829 pediatric patients were included. Children at all ages were at risk for COVID‐19. The main illness classification ranged as: 20% (95% CI: 14 to 26%, I 2 =91.4%) asymptomatic, 33% (95% CI: 23 to 43%, I 2 =95.6%) mild and 51% (95% CI: 42 to 61%, I 2 =93.4%) moderate. The typical clinical manifestations were fever 51% (95% CI: 45 to 57%, I 2 =78.9%) and cough 41% (95% CI: 35 to 47%, I 2 =81.0%). The common laboratory findings were normal white blood cell 69% (95% CI: 64 to 75%, I 2 =58.5%), lymphopenia 16% (95% CI: 11 to 21%, I 2 =76.9%) and elevated creatine‐kinase MB (CK‐MB) 37% (95% CI: 25 to 48%, I 2 =59.0%). The frequent imaging features were normal images 41% (95% CI: 30 to 52%, I 2 =93.4%) and ground‐glass opacity 36% (95% CI: 25 to 47%, I 2 =92.9%). Among children under 1‐year old, critical cases account for 14% (95% CI: 13 to 34%, I 2 =37.3%) that should be of concern. In addition, vomiting occurred in 33% (95% CI: 18 to 67%, I 2 =0.0%) cases that may also need attention. Conclusions Pediatric patients with COVID‐19 may experience milder illness with atypical clinical manifestations and rare lymphopenia. High incidence of critical illness and vomiting symptoms reward attention in children under 1‐year old. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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COVID-19 Infection in Iranian Children: A Case Series of 9 Patients

Cited by 81 publications

References 11 publications

Overview of management of children with COVID-19

Overview of management of children with COVID-19

The epidemiological trends of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Iran: February 19 to March 22, 2020

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)

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