“…Secondly, several disruptions related to mobility, sickness, quarantine and changing diets translate into (re)localizations of the production of basic supplies ( Benton, 2020 ; Espitia et al, 2020 ; Pu and Zhong, 2020 ). In some countries, COVID-19 will result in rising demands for local food production, and national governments may choose to reinstate food-security and self-sufficiency policies ( Fontan Sers and Mughal, 2020 ; Keulertz et al, 2020 ; Woertz, 2020 ). This impact is forcing revaluation of the crosslinks between COVID-19 and the food–water and energy–food sub-nexuses, mainly through energy and water requirements for enhanced food self-sufficiency or local food policies.…”
“…Secondly, several disruptions related to mobility, sickness, quarantine and changing diets translate into (re)localizations of the production of basic supplies ( Benton, 2020 ; Espitia et al, 2020 ; Pu and Zhong, 2020 ). In some countries, COVID-19 will result in rising demands for local food production, and national governments may choose to reinstate food-security and self-sufficiency policies ( Fontan Sers and Mughal, 2020 ; Keulertz et al, 2020 ; Woertz, 2020 ). This impact is forcing revaluation of the crosslinks between COVID-19 and the food–water and energy–food sub-nexuses, mainly through energy and water requirements for enhanced food self-sufficiency or local food policies.…”
“…The geometric mean method calculates the average of each row in a pair of comparison matrices and then calculates the sum of the geometric mean. By dividing each geometric mean by the sum of the geometric mean and standardizing it, it becomes the weight of each alternative [43]. Thirdly, a paired sample t-test was used to compare the difference in means between APTERR and non-APTERR respondents in order to determine significant difference in their policy preference alternatives for food crises.…”
This study is aimed at explicating the phenomenon of international cooperation and regional integration in case of a global crisis. To achieve the aim of this study, a well-structured questionnaire was conducted to participants at two different events. First, this study examines the relationship between food crises and the institutionalization of intergovernmental cooperation to deal with them. Second, it examines the key determining factors for the institutionalization of intergovernmental cooperation to deal with food crises. This study focuses on the ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR) as a successful case of the institutionalization of intergovernmental cooperation to deal with food crises, and examines the above two issues by administering questionnaires to two groups of individuals: agricultural officials of the ASEAN member states who attended a seminar in Thailand (23 participants) and officials and scholars of the ASEAN member states who attended a seminar in Vietnam (22 participants) in 2018. The results show the relationship between food crises and institutionalized international cooperation, such as APTERR, among the Asian countries. First, this study reveals that certain circumstances, such as food crises, can stimulate institutionalized international cooperation, by providing a more profound insight into the complex interplays among the governments of nation-states. Second, when nations share an understanding of a common policy alternative or solution, the institutionalization of intergovernmental cooperation to deal with food crises is more likely to develop successfully. It is also confirmed that 'institutionalization of international cooperation' is possible through the sharing ofcommon policy solution under the situation of repeated and serious crises. These conditions tell us that intergovernmental cooperation such as APTERR is an exceptional phenomenon for nation-states that emphasize autonomy and independence. This study highlighted the key issues of the relationship between food crises and institutionalization of cooperation while trying to identify key determining factors in establishing an internationally coordinated mechanism for food security.
“…Production volume changes (production rate) or stopping production (stoppage of production) [7,10,12,38,48,56,63,66,70,72,74,75,79,80,87,100,106,108,110,113,114,129,131,134,137,142,152,162,[169][170][171][172][173][174] Stability and business continuity plans…”
Section: Sc Instabilitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fluctuation in supply and demand [5,7,8,14,25,28,29,[36][37][38][39]41,[46][47][48]50,54,57,60,63,64,74,76,[78][79][80][81]84,92,93,[100][101][102][105][106][107][108]111,114,118,123,125,131,132,137,139,142,144,146,149,155,159,…”
Section: Sc Instabilitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Restrictions of movement of goods (e.g., border restrictions; export restrictions; import restrictions) [7,10,14,[27][28][29]33,[36][37][38]48,52,58,70,[73][74][75][76][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]89,99,107,111,113,[115][116][117][118]123,127,131,137,[139][140][141][142][146][147][148][149]152,157,158,163,165,…”
The epidemics and pandemics can severely affect food supply chains, including producers, retailers, wholesalers, and customers. To minimize their impacts, it is fundamental to implement effective policies that ensure continuity in the provision, affordability, and distribution of basic food items. This research identifies the main impacts of pandemics and epidemics on food supply chains and policies that can minimize these impacts. Based on a systematic literature review (SLR), 173 documents are analysed to propose a taxonomy of impacts on four supply chain links: demand-side, supply-side, logistics and infrastructure, and management and operation. The taxonomy presents the main impacts and respective mitigation policies. In addition, the literature review leads to the development of a comprehensive causal loop diagram (CLD) with the identification of main variables and their relationship with food supply chains. Finally, a specific research agenda is proposed by identifying the main research gaps. These findings provide a structured method for evaluating policies that ensure the functioning of food supply chains, particularly in disruptions such as epidemics and pandemics.
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