COVID-19 Outbreak in Kazakhstan: Current Status and Challenges

Zhalmagambetov, Bakhytbek; Madikenova, Meruyert; Paizullayeva, Saule; Abbay, Anara; Gaipov, Abduzhappar

doi:10.23950/1812-2892-jcmk-00763

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Initial recommendations of national guidelines on triaging patients to quarantine, provisional and infectious diseases hospitals based on their PCR-test results were very useful during the first few months of pandemic [ 16 , 17 ]. However, an excessive number of PCR-test negative cases with similar COVID-19 symptoms overloaded the provisional hospitals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…International and local guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 and healthcare organizational measures such as preventive and quarantine actions, triage and transfer of patients with suspected and confirmed cases, heavily rely on the results of PCR tests [ 14 , 15 ]. The Kazakhstan Republican Center of Healthcare Development created a national protocol for diagnosis and management of COVID-19, based on clinical characteristics, PCR-test results and chest-CT results [ 16 , 17 ]. Furthermore, PCR-test results are essential for initiation of early treatment to prevent the development of severe illness and to reduce mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive and PCR-negative cases of pneumonia admitted to the hospital during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of in-hospital and post-hospital mortality

et al. 2021

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Background During the spike of COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan (June-2020), multiple SARS-CoV-2 PCR-test negative pneumonia cases with higher mortality were reported by media. We aimed to study the epidemiologic characteristics of hospitalized PCR-test positive and negative patients with analysis of in-hospital and post-hospital mortality. We also compare the respiratory disease characteristics between 2019 and 2020. Methods The study population consist of 17,691 (March–July-2020) and 4600 (March–July-2019) hospitalized patients with respiratory diseases (including COVID-19). The incidence rate, case-fatality rate and survival analysis for overall mortality (in-hospital and post-hospital) were assessed. Results The incidence and mortality rates for respiratory diseases were 4-fold and 11-fold higher in 2020 compared to 2019 (877.5 vs 228.2 and 11.2 vs 1.2 per 100,000 respectively). The PCR-positive cases (compared to PCR-negative) had 2-fold higher risk of overall mortality. We observed 24% higher risk of death in males compared to females and in older patients compared to younger ones. Patients residing in rural areas had 66% higher risk of death compared to city residents and being treated in a provisional hospital was associated with 1.9-fold increased mortality compared to those who were treated in infectious disease hospitals. Conclusion This is the first study from the Central Asia and Eurasia regions, evaluating the mortality of SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive and PCR-negative respiratory system diseases during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic. We describe a higher mortality rate for PCR-test positive cases compared to PCR-test negative cases, for males compared to females, for elder patients compared to younger ones and for patients living in rural areas compared to city residents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive and PCR-negative cases of pneumonia admitted to the hospital during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of in-hospital and post-hospital mortality

et al. 2021

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“…Altogether cumulative investigations facilitated the establishment of nomenclature systems for various SARS-CoV-2 lineages (Rambaut et al, 2020). The disease has been exponentially spreading around the world, and the first SARS-CoV-2 case in Kazakhstan was confirmed to be on the 16th of March 2020, in Almaty city (Zhalmagambetov et al, 2020) 2022). Although the government implemented several lockdowns, strict quarantine regimes, and restrictions to prevent massive COVID-19 spread, gaps exist in the interpretation of the clinical and epidemiological characterization of the local pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A high scale SARS-CoV-2 profiling by its whole-genome sequencing using Oxford Nanopore Technology in Kazakhstan

et al. 2022

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the worldwide pandemic, COVID-19. The original viral whole-genome was sequenced by a high-throughput sequencing approach from the samples obtained from Wuhan, China. Real-time gene sequencing is the main parameter to manage viral outbreaks because it expands our understanding of virus proliferation, spread, and evolution. Whole-genome sequencing is critical for SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance, the development of new vaccines and boosters, and the representation of epidemiological situations in the country. A significant increase in the number of COVID-19 cases confirmed in August 2021 in Kazakhstan facilitated a need to establish an effective and proficient system for further study of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants and the development of future Kazakhstan’s genomic surveillance program. The SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome was sequenced according to SARS-CoV-2 ARTIC protocol (EXP-MRT001) by Oxford Nanopore Technologies at the National Laboratory Astana, Kazakhstan to track viral variants circulating in the country. The 500 samples kindly provided by the Republican Diagnostic Center (UMC-NU) and private laboratory KDL “Olymp” were collected from individuals in Nur-Sultan city diagnosed with COVID-19 from August 2021 to May 2022 using real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). All samples had a cycle threshold (Ct) value below 20 with an average Ct value of 17.03. The overall average value of sequencing depth coverage for samples is 244X. 341 whole-genome sequences that passed quality control were deposited in the Global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID). The BA.1.1 (n = 189), BA.1 (n = 15), BA.2 (n = 3), BA.1.15 (n = 1), BA.1.17.2 (n = 1) omicron lineages, AY.122 (n = 119), B.1.617.2 (n = 8), AY.111 (n = 2), AY.126 (n = 1), AY.4 (n = 1) delta lineages, one sample B.1.1.7 (n = 1) belongs to alpha lineage, and one sample B.1.637 (n = 1) belongs to small sublineage were detected in this study. This is the first study of SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequencing by the ONT approach in Kazakhstan, which can be expanded for the investigation of other emerging viral or bacterial infections on the country level.

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“…The first cases of COVID-19 in Kazakhstan were confirmed on 13 March 2020 in Nur-Sultan and Almaty. On March 16, 2020, the government declared an emergency throughout the country [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognostic factors for the severe course of COVID-19 in the different COVID-19 peak periods in Central Kazakhs

et al. 2022

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Introduction: COVID-19 has become the cause of a pandemic that has swept the entire world. Considering the genetic variability of the virus, the development and implementation of antiviral therapies, and the acquisition of a society's immune defenses through past infection or vaccination, the course of COVID-19 may change over time. The research aim was to study the prognostic significance of clinical and laboratory parameters with severe COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021 in Central Kazakhstan.Material and methods: A cohort of 1556 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the infection hospitals of Karaganda from May to July 2020 and 2021 year was retrospectively analyzed. The association of clinical and laboratory parameters with the severe disease was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and independent predictors were established for each factor.Results: The comparative analysis of the prognostic significance of demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters in different periods of the pandemic showed a reduction in developing severe COVID-19 among hospitalized patients in 2021 compared to 2020. The essential value of comorbidity, especially chronic renal failure, and chronic heart failure remained significant against the background of decreasing prognostic significance of age, gender, and clinical and laboratory indicators of inflammation for the severe course of COVID-19.

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COVID-19 Outbreak in Kazakhstan: Current Status and Challenges

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive and PCR-negative cases of pneumonia admitted to the hospital during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of in-hospital and post-hospital mortality

SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive and PCR-negative cases of pneumonia admitted to the hospital during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of in-hospital and post-hospital mortality

A high scale SARS-CoV-2 profiling by its whole-genome sequencing using Oxford Nanopore Technology in Kazakhstan

Prognostic factors for the severe course of COVID-19 in the different COVID-19 peak periods in Central Kazakhs

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