COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Perinatal Outcomes between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Women

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been increasing among pregnant women worldwide. Its impact on maternal, fetal, and neonatal health is still scarce in the published literature. As a routine COVID-19 prenatal screening has been established for all women requiring hospitalization, it is not clear whether symptomatic women carry worse pregnancy outcomes than those without symptoms. We aimed to analyze perinatal outcomes between symptomatic and asymptomatic women admitted to our center. Materials and Methods. A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted for fourteen months. All pregnant women with positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were enrolled, and their perinatal outcomes were analyzed in two groups based on whether they were symptomatic or not. The primary outcomes were composite adverse fetal, neonatal, and maternal outcomes and their comparison between study groups. Results. Out of 209 included COVID-19 positive pregnant women, 62 (30%) presented with one or more infection-related symptoms. Symptomatic women were older, multiparous, carried ≥1 comorbid condition, and attained infection at earlier gestational age (44% vs. 28%; 82% vs. 69%; 28% vs. 16%; and 34 vs. 36 weeks, respectively) ( p < 0.05 ), when compared to asymptomatic women, respectively. Maternal composite adverse outcomes were higher in the symptomatic group and showed either one or more outcomes, positive chest radiological findings, requiring hospitalization with oxygen supplementation, or maternal death (8% vs. 0.7%) ( p < 0.05 ). Composite fetal and neonatal adverse outcomes such as miscarriage, fetal or neonatal death, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, and neonatal COVID-19 infection were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05 ) between symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Conclusion. COVID-19 infection among symptomatic pregnant women may carry a higher risk for adverse maternal outcomes. It may be associated with their advanced age and comorbid conditions. Maternal infection-associated symptoms per se likely do not pose an increased risk for adverse fetal or neonatal outcomes.

The clinical manifestations and pregnancy outcomes of COVID-19 infection at a tertiary care hospital

“…3,24 In our study we observed significantly higher number of miscarriages in symptomatic pregnant women compared to asymptomatic; contradictory to a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, where rate of miscarriages did not significantly differ in symptomatic and asymptomatic Covid-19 pregnant women. 25 In the present study no difference was discerned regarding maternal age, gestational diabetes, parity, leukocyte count and platelet count in symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Our study adds to currently available scanty data concerning COVID-19 infection in pregnant women in developing countries.…”

COVID-19 in Pregnancy: Influence of Body Weight and Nutritional Status on Maternal and Pregnancy Outcomes—A Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis

“…Further data are needed to better understand how body weight and nutrition can influence the prognosis of COVID-19 in pregnancy, and how pre-pregnancy normalization of BMI and tailored nutritional supplementation can affect pregnancy outcomes [ 24 , 26 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ].…”

Case report: Fatal lung hyperinflammation in a preterm newborn with SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…Roles for maternal age and COVID-19 severity in disease presentation and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infected neonates is hotly disputed ( 1 , 3 , 32 , 33 ). Discordance is exemplified by 3 recent reviews that found a lack of “concrete” evidence for vertical transmission or adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnancy or newborns ( 32 , 34 , 35 ).…”

“…Roles for maternal age and COVID-19 severity in disease presentation and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infected neonates is hotly disputed ( 1 , 3 , 32 , 33 ). Discordance is exemplified by 3 recent reviews that found a lack of “concrete” evidence for vertical transmission or adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnancy or newborns ( 32 , 34 , 35 ). Such discordance may be explained at least in part by an overriding majority of mildly symptomatic cases that differ only marginally from common complications of non-COVID pregnancies, and cases that were readily resolved by intensive care and anti-inflammation and/or antiviral therapy.…”