COVID-19 pandemic: environmental and social factors influencing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in São Paulo, Brazil

Nakada, Liane Yuri Kondo; Urban, Rodrigo Custódio

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10930-w

Cited by 65 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Significant associations between higher UV Index and lower COVID-19 prevalence were observed in Japanese prefectures ( 39 ), and 33 cities in the USA ( 40 ). Some negative associations were also reported for reduced infection rates and increased ambient UV levels measured in 5 Brazilian cities (March–July 2020) ( 41 ) and selected counties of north-east and central-mid-west (census regions 1 and 2) of the USA (April–July 2020) ( 42 ).…”

Section: Uv Light Sun Exposure and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 91%

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Gorman

Weller

2020

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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During the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic, researchers have been seeking low-cost and accessible means of providing protection from its harms, particularly for at-risk individuals such as those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. One possible way is via safe sun exposure, and/or dietary supplementation with induced beneficial mediators (e.g., vitamin D). In this narrative review, we provide rationale and updated evidence on the potential benefits and harms of sun exposure and ultraviolet (UV) light that may impact COVID-19. We review recent studies that provide new evidence for any benefits (or otherwise) of UV light, sun exposure, and the induced mediators, vitamin D and nitric oxide, and their potential to modulate morbidity and mortality induced by infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus-2). We identified substantial interest in this research area, with many commentaries and reviews already published; however, most of these have focused on vitamin D, with less consideration of UV light (or sun exposure) or other mediators such as nitric oxide. Data collected to-date suggest that ambient levels of both UVA and UVB may be beneficial for reducing severity or mortality due to COVID-19, with some inconsistent findings. Currently unresolved are the nature of the associations between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D and COVID-19 measures, with more prospective data needed that better consider lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and personal sun exposure levels. Another short-coming has been a lack of measurement of sun exposure, and its potential to influence COVID-19 outcomes. We also discuss possible mechanisms by which sun exposure, UV light and induced mediators could affect COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, by focusing on likely effects on viral pathogenesis, immunity and inflammation, and potential cardiometabolic protective mechanisms. Finally, we explore potential issues including the impacts of exposure to high dose UV radiation on COVID-19 and vaccination, and effective and safe doses for vitamin D supplementation.

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Section: Uv Light Sun Exposure and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 91%

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Gorman

Weller

2020

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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“…Some of those epidemics have been studied to anticipate their societal and environmental impacts 29 , 30 , 31 . The current novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dwarfs those six large-scale epidemics of the 21st century in terms of spatial extent and societal consequences 32 , and COVID-19 is the only pandemic with widespread and complex environmental impact 33 , 34 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are environmental pollution and biodiversity levels associated to the spread and mortality of COVID-19? A four-month global analysis

Fernández

Giné-Vázquez

Liu

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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On March 12th, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. The collective impact of environmental and ecosystem factors, as well as biodiversity, on the spread of COVID-19 and its mortality evolution remain empirically unknown, particularly in regions with a wide ecosystem range. The aim of our study is to assess how those factors impact on the COVID-19 spread and mortality by country. This study compiled a global database merging WHO daily case reports (of 218 countries) with other publicly available measures from January 21st to May 18th, 2020. We applied spatio-temporal models to identify the influence of biodiversity, temperature, and precipitation and fitted generalized linear mixed models to identify the effects of environmental variables. Additionally, we used count time series to characterize the association between COVID-19 spread and air quality factors. All analyses are adjusted by social demographic, country-income level, and government policy intervention confounders, among 160 countries, globally. Our results reveal a statistically meaningful association between COVID-19 infection and several factors of interest at country and city levels such as the national biodiversity index, air quality, and pollutants elements (PM 10, PM 2.5 and O 3 ). Particularly, there is a significant relationship of loss of biodiversity, high level of air pollutants, and diminished air quality with COVID-19 infection spread and mortality. Our findings provide an empirical foundation for future studies on the relationship between air quality variables, a country’s biodiversity, and COVID-19 transmission and mortality. The significant relationships measured in this study can be valuable when governments plan environmental and health policies, as alternative strategy to respond to new COVID-19 outbreaks and prevent future crises.

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“…We identified four factors (youth, city, social media, and GINI inequality) as having strong relationships with COVID-19 R 0 across countries. Environmental factors, which are the most common factors previously identified (temperature (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24), pollution (13,(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31), precipitation/humidity (18,32,33)), did not have strong relationships with R 0 when other factors are considered simultaneously, although pollution, temperature, and humidity all have positive associations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…All of these categories have been suggested previously as possible factors for COVID-19 transmission. The most common factors previously studied were temperature (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24), pollution (13,(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31), precipitation/humidity (18,32,33), population density (34,35), age structure (1,36,37), and population size (1,11,31). For these and additional covariates either previously studied or only mentioned in the media, we rely on statistics measured at a national level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social, economic, and environmental factors influencing the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 across countries

Kong

Tekwa

Gignoux‐Wolfsohn

2021

Preprint

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ObjectiveTo assess whether the basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19 is different across countries and what national-level demographic, social, and environmental factors characterize initial vulnerability to the virus.MethodsWe fit logistic growth curves to reported daily case numbers, up to the first epidemic peak. This fitting estimates R0. We then use a generalized additive model to discern the effects, and include 5 random effect covariates to account for potential differences in testing and reporting that can bias the estimated R0.FindingsWe found that the mean R0 is 1.70 (S.D. 0.57), with a range between 1.10 (Ghana) and 3.52 (South Korea). We identified four factors-population between 20-34 years old (youth), population residing in urban agglomerates over 1 million (city), social media use to organize offline action (social media), and GINI income inequality-as having strong relationships with R0. An intermediate level of youth and GINI inequality are associated with high R0, while high city population and high social media use are associated with high R0. Environmental and climate factors were not found to have strong relationships with R0.ConclusionStudies that aim to measure the effectiveness of interventions should account for the intrinsic differences between populations.

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COVID-19 pandemic: environmental and social factors influencing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in São Paulo, Brazil

Cited by 65 publications

References 17 publications

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Are environmental pollution and biodiversity levels associated to the spread and mortality of COVID-19? A four-month global analysis

Social, economic, and environmental factors influencing the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 across countries

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