Covid-19: pharmacotherapeutic insights on various curative approaches in terms of vulnerability, comorbidities, and vaccination

Abstract

A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and the world has suffered from a pandemic. As of 22nd March 2020, at least 185 countries worldwide had been affected by COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2, leading to COVID-19 pneumonia, infects cells through ACE-2 receptors. The disease has different clinical signs and symptoms, including chills, high fever, dyspnea, and cough. Other symptoms including haemoptysis, myalgia, diarrhoea, expectoration, and fatigue may also occur. The rapid rise in confirmation cases is severe in preventing and controlling COVID-19. In this review, the article will explore and evaluate the insights into how COVID influences patients with other comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Parkinson’s, and how conditions Urolithiasis, anosmia, and anuria may develop after infection. The virus mutates and the variants are now prevalent in the present scenario where the world stands in eradicating the pandemic by looking into the development of vaccines by several countries and how the vaccination can temporarily help prevent COVID spread.

Prognostic role of demographic indicators and Charlson comorbidity index in oxygen-dependent patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

“…Besides, in our previous research [27] we demonstrated that morphological signs of chronic ischemic heart disease and hypertension were determined in majority of those who died as a result of COVID-19. Our results agree with the statistical data that came from China and Italy regarding the detection of chronic cardiovascular pathology in half of the hospitalized patients [18]. In addition, in our research we determined that comorbidity of oxygen-dependent patients with COVID-19 according to CCI had a connection with the risk of fatal outcome (P < 0.05).…”

“…However, patients over 60 years old have a higher risk of fatal COVID-19, especially when combined with such diseases as chronic cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity [4,8,9,17]. At the same time, researchers [18] considered age over 70 to be a risk factor for mortality, regardless of comorbid pathology. According to the results of our research, in oxygen-dependent patients with COVID-19 who were treated in the intensive care unit, age over 66 indicated a high probability of a fatal outcome of the disease (AUC = 0.636, P = 0.002).…”

The favorable impacts of silibinin polyphenols as adjunctive therapy in reducing the complications of COVID-19: A review of research evidence and underlying mechanisms

“…As of April 2022, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly throughout the world and infected more than 490 million individuals, leading to more than six million deaths [4] . According to previous studies, patients with COVID-19 may exhibit a broad, unspecific spectrum of signs and symptoms, including fever, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and dizziness [5] , [6] . Although most COVID-19 patients recover within weeks, about five percent of patients may experience a severe lethal disease leading to multi-organ damage, ARDS, and death [7] , [8] .…”