COVID-19 Restrictions and Variety Seeking in Travel Choices and Actions: The Moderating Effects of Previous Experience and Crowding

Kim, Jungkeun; Park, Jooyoung; Kim, Seongseop; Lee, Daniel Chaein; Σιγάλα, Μαριάννα

doi:10.1177/00472875211037744

Cited by 40 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(169 reference statements)

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“…Our results extend these findings while focusing on wanderlust and travel craving, demonstrating the relevance of cognitive-affective psychological states in planning future travel. The established link between lockdown captivity and travel craving adds to the limited literature on tourists’ psychological mindset (Kim et al 2021; Sigala 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, mental processes such as desire and craving are not easy to measure; future studies could expand the psychological reactance theory (Brehm 1966; Kim et al 2021; Miron and Brehm 2006) and the elaborated intrusion theory to investigate the unpleasant motivational states experienced when travel is not feasible. Although travel fear will (probably) vanish once the pandemic is over, and tourists’ confidence will (probably) recover (McKercher and Pine 2006), travel restrictions may persist (Karl et al 2021).…”

Section: Limitations and Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Empirical applications of commodity theory (Bushman and Stack 1996; Lynn 1992) have confirmed that people value a product or a service more when it is difficult to obtain due to scarcity, cost, or restrictions: restrictions on products and services increase their desirability and heighten consumer arousal. In tourism, Kim et al (2021) applied reactance theory to show that perceived threat of COVID-19 influenced tourists’ variety-seeking behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tourists as Caged Birds: Elaborating Travel Thoughts and Craving When Feeling Captive

Irimiás

Mitev

2021

Journal of Travel Research

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Being unable to travel feels like being a caged bird for many and trapped in unwanted situations strengthens travel desire. This study contextualizes travel deprivation and subsequent desire thinking in relation to the concept of craving. It introduces lockdown captivity and travel craving as relevant factors to understand tourism demand when travel is impossible. This research demonstrates the usefulness of the elaborated intrusion theory in the tourism context and newly defines wanderlust in association with craving. Empirical support for the hypotheses that lockdown captivity and wanderlust are key determinants of travel craving is provided. Travel craving should be used as an alternative concept to travel intention in situations in which travel is curtailed or impossible. Tourism marketers and practitioners are advised to build on the caged bird metaphor to effectively communicate their offerings during crises that result in travel restrictions and to show their empathy toward would-be tourists.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Limitations and Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tourists as Caged Birds: Elaborating Travel Thoughts and Craving When Feeling Captive

Irimiás

Mitev

2021

Journal of Travel Research

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“…Other aspects can be controlled by travellers: the avoidance of crowding [24], or a willingness to pay for enhanced safety measures [25][26][27][28]. Most importantly, adherence to PNPIs lies very much with the individual.…”

Section: The Traveller -To Travel or Not To Travelmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: how can travel medicine benefit from tourism’s focus on people during a pandemic?

Bauer

2022

Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines

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In 2020, COVID-19 affected every aspect of life around the globe. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 through travel led to lockdowns, travel bans and border closures, crippling the tourism industry. Without tourists, there would be no tourism industry—and no travel medicine. Therefore, scholars started to research the human aspect of tourism immediately to develop strategies for economic recovery. The resulting insights are useful for travel medicine not only to see how tourism dealt with a medical crisis but also to understand travellers better who may be seeking health advice during and after a pandemic.This article presents tourism research of 2020 covering risk perception and travel intentions including mass-gatherings, the use of technology to protect from infection, impacts on tourism workers, residents’ reactions to potentially infected travellers, discrimination, and racism. A potential fork in the road to tourism’s future may have implications for travel health practitioners. Research recommendations conclude the paper. Understanding the industry response during the early days of panic and uncertainty may help prepare not only appropriate guidelines for travellers but also clearer instructions for tourism, transportation, and hospitality in anticipation of the next pandemic.

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“…Specifically, the novelty of the COVID-19 pandemic measures the unexpected and unusual degree for entrepreneurs. In terms of disruption, the COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the catering industry ( Byrd et al, 2021 ), the tourism industry ( Jang et al, 2021 ; Kim et al, 2021 ), and people’s physical and mental health ( Shah et al, 2022 ), and so on, which has changed production activities and brought changes in the external environment, representing the changing and influencing extent of the pandemic on entrepreneurs. As to criticality, the criticality of COVID-19 pandemic event measures the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic is “important, necessary or prior” for entrepreneurs.…”

Section: Theoretical Analysis and Research Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

How does COVID-19 pandemic affect entrepreneur anxiety? The role of threat perception and performance pressure

Hong-chuan²,

Liu³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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The entrepreneurial firms may be more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the entrepreneurs of entrepreneurial firms are also threatened by the revenues decline and business failure, which vehemently affect their well-being. The mental health of the entrepreneur decides whether the entrepreneurial firms can make the right decision, which is related to the healthy development of the entrepreneurial firms. Based on the event system theory and the cognitive appraisal theory, this paper aims to explore the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the entrepreneur anxiety, and the threat perception and performance pressure are introduced to investigate the mediating mechanism and boundary of this effect. Using the simple random sampling to obtain questionnaire survey data, 168 entrepreneurs of entrepreneurial firms have participated in the empirical study, and the research results are as follows. First, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly positively affects entrepreneur anxiety. Second, the entrepreneur threat perception plays a mediating role between the COVID-19 pandemic and the entrepreneur anxiety, which means the COVID-19 pandemic can enhance the external threat perception of entrepreneurs, and then affect the entrepreneur anxiety. Third, the positive effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the entrepreneur anxiety is strengthened by the entrepreneur performance pressure, while the positive effect of entrepreneur threat perception on entrepreneur anxiety is weakened by the entrepreneur performance pressure. The above findings are helpful to explore the mechanism of the COVID-19 pandemic and other critical crisis events on entrepreneurs’ mental health from the new perspective of cognitive appraisal theory and event system theory, filling the research gaps between the COVID-19 pandemic and entrepreneur anxiety. Besides, this study broadens the applied range of the cognitive appraisal theory and the event system theory in the fields of crisis situations and entrepreneur research, and enriches the research outputs. Furthermore, this study will help provide a new theoretical analysis insight for the related research on how the COVID-19 pandemic affects entrepreneurs’ psychology, and further deepen researchers to understand the mechanism of entrepreneur anxiety under the COVID-19 pandemic, providing theoretical inspirations for reducing entrepreneur anxiety. What’s more, this study finds that individual pressure can affect their cognitive appraisal, which means that future research should take the pressure influential mechanism into consideration in the process of exploring “external stimulus--cognitive appraisal--emotional response,” further expanding the theoretical model of cognitive appraisal proposed from the perspective of pressure.

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COVID-19 Restrictions and Variety Seeking in Travel Choices and Actions: The Moderating Effects of Previous Experience and Crowding

Cited by 40 publications

References 105 publications

Tourists as Caged Birds: Elaborating Travel Thoughts and Craving When Feeling Captive

Tourists as Caged Birds: Elaborating Travel Thoughts and Craving When Feeling Captive

COVID-19: how can travel medicine benefit from tourism’s focus on people during a pandemic?

How does COVID-19 pandemic affect entrepreneur anxiety? The role of threat perception and performance pressure

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