COVID-19: risk of infection is high, independently of ABO blood group

Flegel, Willy A.

doi:10.3324/haematol.2020.266593

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The present study findings are in line with the studies carried in France (patients with blood type O required more O2 and ICU) [17,18], Canada (patients with blood type O were less infected with a severe illness) [20], Turkey (patients with blood type O were less infected and those with blood type A less associated with mortality) [22], Spain [16], China [24], Denmark [27], Sudan [30], and Iran [31] and the metanalysis carried out by [32] (patients with blood type O were less infected).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The Impact of ABO Blood Grouping on COVID-19 Vulnerability and Seriousness: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Controlled Study among the Arab Community

El-Shitany

El‐Hamamsy

Alahmadi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background and Objectives: Studies have noted that some ABO blood types are more susceptible to COVID-19 virus infection. This study aimed to further confirm the relationship between different blood groups on the vulnerability, symptoms, cure period, and severity among COVID-19 recovered patients. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study approached the participants from the Arab community via social media (mainly Facebook and WhatsApp). The data were collected through two Google Form questionnaires, one for COVID-19 recovered patients (COVID-19 group, n = 726), and the other for the healthy people (Control group, n = 707). Results: The subjects with blood group O were the least likely to be infected with the COVID-19 virus, while those with blood group A were not likely to be the most susceptible. There were significant differences among different ABO blood groups regarding the distribution of oxygen saturation percentage, myalgia, and recovery time after COVID-19 infection (p < 0.01, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively). The blood group A showed the highest percentage of patients who experienced an oxygen saturation range of 90–100%, whereas the blood group O showed the highest percentage of patients who experienced an oxygen saturation range of 70–80%. The blood group A showed the lowest percentage of patients who required artificial respiration, whereas the blood group O showed the highest percentage of patients who required artificial respiration. The blood group B showed the lowest percentage of patients who experienced myalgia and exhibited the lowest percentage of patients who needed 3 weeks or more to recover. Conclusion: The people of blood group O may be the least likely to be infected with COVID-19, however, they may be the more in need of treatment in hospital and artificial respiration compared to the other blood groups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The Impact of ABO Blood Grouping on COVID-19 Vulnerability and Seriousness: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Controlled Study among the Arab Community

El-Shitany

El‐Hamamsy

Alahmadi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…More recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 reported similar associations between viral infection and the ABO blood groups (15,16). However, divergent results are still coming forth with respect to the role of the ABO blood groups as a risk marker for COVID-19 severity linked to possible comorbidities and methodological differences as well as population differences in tissue receptors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (4,13,(17)(18)(19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allelic Variants Within the ABO Blood Group Phenotype Confer Protection Against Critical COVID-19 Hospital Presentation

et al. 2022

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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease severity differs widely due to numerous factors including ABO gene-derived susceptibility or resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of the ABO blood group and genetic variations of the ABO gene with COVID-19 severity in a heterogeneous hospital population sample from the United Arab Emirates, with the use of an epidemiological and candidate gene approach from a genome-wide association study (GWAS).Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 646 participants who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were recruited from multiple hospitals and population-based (quarantine camps) recruitment sites from March 2020 to February 2021. The participants were divided into two groups based on the severity of COVID-19: noncritical (n = 453) and critical [intensive care unit (ICU) patients] (n = 193), as per the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) classification. The multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated the association of ABO blood type as well as circulating anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies as well as A and B antigens, in association with critical COVID-19 hospital presentation. A candidate gene analysis approach was conducted from a GWAS where we examined 240 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (position in chr9: 136125788-136150617) in the ABO gene, in association with critical COVID-19 hospital presentation.Results: Patients with blood group O [odds ratio (OR): 0.51 (0.33, 0.79); p = 0.003] were less likely to develop critical COVID-19 symptoms. Eight alleles have been identified to be associated with a protective effect of blood group O in ABO 3'untranslated region (UTR): rs199969472 (p = 0.0052), rs34266669 (p = 0.0052), rs76700116 (p = 0.0052), rs7849280 (p = 0.0052), rs34039247 (p = 0.0104), rs10901251 (p = 0.0165), rs9411475 (p = 0.0377), and rs13291798 (p = 0.0377).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that there are novel allelic variants that link genetic variants of the ABO gene and ABO blood groups contributing to the reduced risk of critical COVID-19 disease. This study is the first study to combine genetic and serological evidence of the involvement of the ABO blood groups and the ABO gene allelic associations with COVID-19 severity within the Middle Eastern population.

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“…The changes in host susceptibility to many infections are actually because of diversities in blood group antigen expression (Cooling, 2015 ). That is why more and more researches found out that the O blood type is a protection factor against COVID-19 infection and severe COVID-19 illness (Flegel, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2021 ; Ray et al, 2021 ), whereas a study reported that the interactions of the ABO and secretor types in the cohort of patients compared with the blood donors lack significant differences, so they suggested that that emphasis should not be put on the ABO antigenic structures, but rather on the isoagglutinin (Matzhold et al, 2021 ). In addition to using different antigens, different ABO blood groups also contain different situations of isoagglutininsin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Le (a–b–) type appeared to be at least a mitigating factor against hospitalization with COVID-19. Invariably, many study results reach a consensus that the O blood type acts as a protection factor against COVID-19, while no ABO blood group type can protect an individual from becoming infected (Flegel, 2020 ). Notably, individuals able to express these antigens on epithelial cells, known as the FUT2 gene secretion status, indicated a higher degree of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (Shokri et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fucosyltransferase 2: A Genetic Risk Factor for Intestinal Diseases

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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The fucosyltransferase 2 gene (FUT2) mediates the synthesis of histoblood group antigens (HBGA) that occur in vivo from multiple organs, particularly on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells and body fluids. To date, many studies have demonstrated that the interaction of HBGA with the host microbiota is the cause of pathogenesis of intestinal diseases, making FUT2 non-secretor a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to the lack of HBGA. As HBGA also acts as an attachment site for norovirus (NoV) and rotavirus (RV), the non-secretor becomes a protective factor for both viral infections. In addition, the interaction of norovirus and rotavirus with symbiotic bacteria has been found to play an important role in regulating enteroviral infection in IBD. Given the current incomplete understanding of the complex phenomenon and the underlying pathogenesis of intestinal diseases such as IBD, it has recently been hypothesized that the FUT2 gene regulates intestinal bacteria through attachment sites, may help to unravel the role of FUT2 and intestinal flora in the mechanism of intestinal diseases in the future, and provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases through more in-depth studies.

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COVID-19: risk of infection is high, independently of ABO blood group

Abstract: ing cell lines by conditional gene tagging reveals rapid HIF-2 driven Epo kinetics, cell autonomous feedback regulation, and a telocyte phenotype.

Cited by 8 publications

References 37 publications

The Impact of ABO Blood Grouping on COVID-19 Vulnerability and Seriousness: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Controlled Study among the Arab Community

The Impact of ABO Blood Grouping on COVID-19 Vulnerability and Seriousness: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Controlled Study among the Arab Community

Allelic Variants Within the ABO Blood Group Phenotype Confer Protection Against Critical COVID-19 Hospital Presentation

Fucosyltransferase 2: A Genetic Risk Factor for Intestinal Diseases

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