COVID-19 Vaccination and Non–COVID-19 Mortality Risk — Seven Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020–July 31, 2021

Xu, Stanley; Huang, Runxin; Sy, Lina S; Glenn, Sungching; Ryan, Denison S; Morrissette, Kerresa; Shay, David K.; Vazquez‐Benitez, Gabriela; Glanz, Jason M.; Klein, Nicola P.; McClure, David L.; Liles, Elizabeth; Weintraub, Eric; Tseng, Hung-Fu; Qian, Lei

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7043e2

Cited by 95 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Another surveillance system, the VSD, showed no increased risk of non-COVID-19 mortality in vaccinated people. 47 This study has several strengths, including the large population under surveillance and the comprehensive capture of national data from two complementary surveillance systems. Because the US Government purchased all COVID-19 doses and collected administration data, we were able to calculate VAERS reporting rates using the number of mRNA vaccine doses administered as denominators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of mRNA vaccines administered during the initial 6 months of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme: an observational study of reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and v-safe

Rosenblum

Gee

Liu

et al. 2022

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

137

117

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of mRNA vaccines administered during the initial 6 months of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme: an observational study of reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and v-safe

Rosenblum

Gee

Liu

et al. 2022

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

137

117

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“…The chances of most of these outcomes were much greater and lasted longer after SARS-CoV-2 exposure than after vaccination [ 13 ]. Obviously, the benefits of obtaining a COVID-19 vaccine still outweigh the risks; the mortality [ 114 ], thrombocytopenia and thrombosis [ 115 , 116 ] risks of COVID-19 are still much greater.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported Adverse Effects and Attitudes among Arab Populations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Large-Scale Multinational Study Implementing Machine Learning Tools in Predicting Post-Vaccination Adverse Effects Based on Predisposing Factors

et al. 2022

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Background: The unprecedented global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has imposed huge challenges on the healthcare facilities, and impacted every aspect of life. This has led to the development of several vaccines against COVID-19 within one year. This study aimed to assess the attitudes and the side effects among Arab communities after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine and use of machine learning (ML) tools to predict post-vaccination side effects based on predisposing factors. Methods: An online-based multinational survey was carried out via social media platforms from June 14 to 31 August 2021, targeting individuals who received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine from 22 Arab countries. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. Moreover, extensive ML tools were utilized to predict 30 post vaccination adverse effects and their severity based on 15 predisposing factors. The importance of distinct predisposing factors in predicting particular side effects was determined using global feature importance employing gradient boost as AutoML. Results: A total of 10,064 participants from 19 Arab countries were included in this study. Around 56% were female and 59% were aged from 20 to 39 years old. A high rate of vaccine hesitancy (51%) was reported among participants. Almost 88% of the participants were vaccinated with one of three COVID-19 vaccines, including Pfizer-BioNTech (52.8%), AstraZeneca (20.7%), and Sinopharm (14.2%). About 72% of participants experienced post-vaccination side effects. This study reports statistically significant associations (p < 0.01) between various predisposing factors and post-vaccinations side effects. In terms of predicting post-vaccination side effects, gradient boost, random forest, and XGBoost outperformed other ML methods. The most important predisposing factors for predicting certain side effects (i.e., tiredness, fever, headache, injection site pain and swelling, myalgia, and sleepiness and laziness) were revealed to be the number of doses, gender, type of vaccine, age, and hesitancy to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusions: The reported side effects following COVID-19 vaccination among Arab populations are usually non-life-threatening; flu-like symptoms and injection site pain. Certain predisposing factors have greater weight and importance as input data in predicting post-vaccination side effects. Based on the most significant input data, ML can also be used to predict these side effects; people with certain predicted side effects may require additional medical attention, or possibly hospitalization.

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“…Efficiency of ATG16L depletion using a specific shRNA (Sigma) expressed from an integrated lentiviral vector is depicted. Four different cell lines were established using four different shRNAs (1–4) to deplete ATG16L and the cell line expressing shRNA #2 was selected as depletion of ATG16L was more efficient. E. Vero E6 + γ 1 34.5 cells were treated with doxycycline for 48 h to induce γ 1 34.5 expression, as above.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 harnesses host translational shutoff and autophagy to optimize virus yields: The role of the envelope (E) protein

Waisner

Grieshaber

Saud

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The SARS-CoV-2 virion is composed of four structural proteins: spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), and envelope (E). E spans the membrane a single time and is the smallest, yet most enigmatic of the structural proteins. E is conserved among coronaviruses and has an essential role in virus-mediated pathogenesis. We found that ectopic expression of E had deleterious effects on the host cell as it activated stress responses, leading to phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α and LC3 lipidation that resulted in host translational shutoff. During infection E is highly expressed although only a small fraction is incorporated into virions, suggesting that E activity is regulated and harnessed by the virus to its benefit. In support of this, we found that the γ1 34.5 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) prevented deleterious effects of E on the host cell and allowed for E protein accumulation. This observation prompted us to investigate whether other SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins regulate E. We found that the N and M proteins enabled E protein accumulation, whereas S prevented E accumulation. While γ1 34.5 protein prevented deleterious effects of E on the host cells, it had a negative effect on SARS-CoV-2 replication. This negative effect of γ1 34.5 was most likely associated with failure of SARS-CoV-2 to divert the translational machinery and with deregulation of autophagy pathways. Overall, our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 causes stress responses and subjugates these pathways, including host protein synthesis (phosphorylated eIF2α) and autophagy, to support optimal virus production.

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COVID-19 Vaccination and Non–COVID-19 Mortality Risk — Seven Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020–July 31, 2021

Cited by 95 publications

References 8 publications

Safety of mRNA vaccines administered during the initial 6 months of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme: an observational study of reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and v-safe

Safety of mRNA vaccines administered during the initial 6 months of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme: an observational study of reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and v-safe

Reported Adverse Effects and Attitudes among Arab Populations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Large-Scale Multinational Study Implementing Machine Learning Tools in Predicting Post-Vaccination Adverse Effects Based on Predisposing Factors

SARS-CoV-2 harnesses host translational shutoff and autophagy to optimize virus yields: The role of the envelope (E) protein

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