COVID-19 vaccines: Update of the vaccines in use and under development

Marta, Rafaela Angotti; Nakamura, Gisele Emy Kondo; Aquino, Bruno de Matos; Bignardi, P

doi:10.1016/j.vacun.2022.06.003

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…There was growing concern that these first generation vaccines would not provide protection against VOCs, and several second generation vaccines which target two or three VOCs, e.g., prototype, Delta, and Omicrons were under development. Nevertheless, the mass basic and booster immunization program with the first generation vaccine provided some degree of protection against severe disease and death [ 14 ]. However, the capability of the emerging VOCs to evade the vaccine immune protection and increase the risk of reinfection, meant it was necessary to evaluate immunogenic characteristics of the prototype virus in infected patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refocus on Immunogenic Characteristics of Convalescent COVID-19 Challenged by Prototype SARS-CoV-2

Huang

Liang

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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Background: Mass basic and booster immunization programs effectively contained the spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, also known as COVID-19. However, the emerging Variants of Concern (VOCs) of COVID-19 evade the immune protection of the vaccine and increase the risk of reinfection. Methods: Serum antibodies of 384 COVID-19 cases recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection were examined. Correlations between clinical symptoms and antibodies against VOCs were analyzed. Result: All 384 cases (aged 43, range 1–90) were from 15 cities of Guangdong, China. The specific IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies could be detected within 4-6 weeks after infection. A broad cross-reaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, but not with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus was found. The titers of neutralization antibodies (NAbs) were significantly correlated with IgG (r = 0.667, p < 0.001), but showed poor neutralizing effects against VOCs. Age, fever, and hormone therapy were independent risk factors for NAbs titers reduction against VOCs. Conclusion: Humoral immunity antibodies from the original strain of COVID-19 showed weak neutralization effects against VOCs, and decreased neutralizing ability was associated with initial age, fever, and hormone therapy, which hindered the effects of the COVID-19 vaccine developed from the SARS-CoV-2 prototype virus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refocus on Immunogenic Characteristics of Convalescent COVID-19 Challenged by Prototype SARS-CoV-2

Huang

Liang

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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“…In comparison, other authorized vaccination regimens including Coronavac (Sinovac Biotech), Sputnik-V (Gam-COVID-Vac) and BBIBP-CorV (SinoPharm, Beijing Institute Biological Products) produce a substantially reduced antibody response with seropositivity rates of 36.9 -50%, known to be substantially lower than seen in convalescence. This explains the reduced efficacy of these vaccines both with respect to protection from symptomatic infection and severe infection and hospitalization [56][57][58].…”

Section: Vaccine Formulations For Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccination and Strategies to Boost SARS-CoV-2 Immunity in People with Inborn Errors of Immunity

Chang-Rabley,

van Zelm,

Ricotta

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has raised concerns surrounding immunological protection against the virus, particularly for people with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). While COVID-19 vaccination induces robust antibody, memory B-cell, and T-cell responses in healthy individuals, how well vaccination protects people with IEI against infection and severe disease remains unclear – especially in the context of new viral variants and vaccine formulations – leading to anxiety, ongoing self-isolation, and repeated vaccination with limited evidence of increased efficacy. Whilst most people with IEI generate some level of cellular and/or humoral immunity to COVID-19 vaccination, the level of protection and durability of the response are unclear. Alongside vaccination, antibody-based therapeutics are aimed at limiting infection and severe disease in this cohort. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT) provides passive immunity in antibody-deficient individuals. However, to successfully prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, a sufficient number of neutralizing antibodies must be present in product. While antibodies against circulating variants are eventually present in IgRT products (both from natural infection and vaccination of the donors), evidence of their capacity to recognize new variants is limited. Furthermore, while antibody-based pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis can be effective, they are susceptible to decreased efficacy in the context of variant evolution. This review provides an in-depth overview of current knowledge about COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in IEIs, the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody products, and knowledge and technological advances required for continued protection of people with IEI.

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“…BNT162b2 (35%), mRNA-1273 (20% after the first dose, 42.8% after the second dose, 67.7% after the third dose), Ad26.COV 2.S (47% after two doses, 63% when given as a booster), and AZD1222 (11.44–51%) all demonstrated activity against the Omicron strain [ 100 , 101 ]. Monoclonal antibodies are also active against Omicron [ 42 ].…”

Section: Vaccines and New Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccines: An Updated Overview of Different Platforms

2022

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Vaccination has been identified as a critical method of disease control in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this review is to update information on vaccine development and to identify areas of concern that require further research. We reviewed the literature on the development of COVID-19 vaccines, their efficacy, and use in special populations, as well as current vaccination strategies. To date, 170 vaccines are in clinical development, with 41 being already approved for use in various countries. The majority of vaccines approved for human use are vector-, subunit-, DNA-, or mRNA-based vaccines, or inactivated viruses. Because of the ongoing mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, well-studied vector vaccines are losing relevance due to the ability of new virus strains to bypass neutralizing antibodies. Simultaneously, PS-based vaccines are becoming more popular. There is mounting evidence that the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines is linked to their clinical efficacy. This has resulted in a shift in vaccination strategies, as well as the use of booster doses and revaccination. Furthermore, vaccination restrictions for children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with chronic immunosuppressive diseases have been lifted, allowing more people to be vaccinated. New data on vaccine safety, including the incidence of serious adverse events, have been collected. Despite significant advances in the development of and research on COVID-19 vaccines, many questions remain that require further investigation.

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COVID-19 vaccines: Update of the vaccines in use and under development

Cited by 14 publications

References 106 publications

Refocus on Immunogenic Characteristics of Convalescent COVID-19 Challenged by Prototype SARS-CoV-2

Refocus on Immunogenic Characteristics of Convalescent COVID-19 Challenged by Prototype SARS-CoV-2

An Overview of the Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccination and Strategies to Boost SARS-CoV-2 Immunity in People with Inborn Errors of Immunity

COVID-19 Vaccines: An Updated Overview of Different Platforms

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