“…street signs, commercial billboards, public notices, shop and restaurant signs, advertisements, graffiti and murals) in our (increasingly) diverse, multicultural, and multilingual society ( Landry & Bourhis, 1997 ) in a wide range of commercial, political, geographical, religious, sociocultural and institutional contexts (cf. Alomoush, 2023 ; Ben-Rafael et al, 2006 ; Blackwood & Tufi, 2015 ; Blommaert, 2013 ; Coluzzi & Kitade, 2015 ; Coluzzi & Riget, 2022 ; Gu & Almanna, 2023 ; Hopkyns & van den Hoven, 2022 ; Huebner, 2006 ; Gu, 2023a ; Gu, 2023b ; Lee, 2022a ; Lees, 2022 ; Li & Yang, 2023 ; Song, 2020 ; Spolsky & Cooper, 1991 ; Willans et al, 2020 ; Yan, 2023 ) in both developed and developing countries.…”