Coxsackie B virus infection and β cell autoantibodies in newly diagnosed IDDM adult patients

Longitudinal observation of enterovirus and adenovirus in stool samples from Norwegian infants with the highest genetic risk of type 1 diabetes

“…Previous studies using serological evidence of infection at diabetes onset have not yielded consistent evidence for or against an aetiological role of enteroviruses, but many of these studies suffered from serious methodological problems (Green et al, 2004). More recent works using RT-PCR detection of enterovirus in whole blood or serum (Clements et al, 1995;Andreoletti et al, 1998), plasma and stool (Craig et al, 2003), or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Yin et al, 2002) have demonstrated an increased frequency of enteroviruses in newly diagnosed diabetic patients compared to controls. The Finnish DIPP study has shown indications of increased number of enterovirus infections in children subsequently developing beta-cell auto-antibodies (i.e.…”

Enterovirus infection in human pancreatic islet cells, islet tropism in vivo and receptor involvement in cultured islet beta cells

“…The process, which finally leads to complete beta-cell loss and onset of clinical disease, starts years before any clinical symptoms and is thought to result from several factors involving host genes, autoimmune responses and cytokines, as well as environmental factors. Results from previous cross-sectional and prospective studies on patients with Type 1 diabetes and/or prediabetic individuals have suggested that enterovirus infections are involved in the development of the disease [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15].…”

Reduced Frequency of HLA DRB1*03‐DQB1*02 in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Associated with Enterovirus RNA

“…The development of nucleic-acid testing methods and direct sequencing has enabled the genotyping of isolates in more recent studies. Enterovirus RNA has been detected in children [16] and adults [17,18] at the onset of T1DM and in children who subsequently developed T1DM [19]. However, subjects who develop diabetes in association with a viral infection may have a distinct subgroup of the disease, and they may differ from other patients with regard to genetic, autoimmune, or clinical characteristics [20].…”

“…However, subjects who develop diabetes in association with a viral infection may have a distinct subgroup of the disease, and they may differ from other patients with regard to genetic, autoimmune, or clinical characteristics [20]. Of the studies in which PCR has been used to detect enteroviruses in subjects at the onset of T1DM, 1 involved only 14 adult subjects [17]; in another study, among 110 children at the time of diagnosis of T1DM, neither immunologic nor genetic features were reported [16]. In the present study, the association among enterovirus infection (using reverse-transcription [RT]-PCR), enterovirus genotype (determined by sequencing), genetic predisposition to T1DM (HLA class II subtype), markers of islet cell autoimmunity (diabetes-associated antibodies), biochemical measurements (including C-peptide and pH), and clinical characteristics was investigated in a cohort of children and adolescents at the onset of T1DM.…”