Coxsackievirus A16 in Southern Vietnam

Nhu, Le Nguyen Truc; Thành, Nhân Lê; Anh, Nguyen To; Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu; Van, Hoang Minh Tu; Thanh, Tran Tan; Hang, Vu Thi Ty; Han, Do Duong Kim; Ny, Nguyen Thi Han; Nguyet, Lam Anh; Quy, Du Tuan; Qui, Phan Tu; Khanh, Truong Huu; Hưng, Nguyễn Thành; Tuan, Ha Manh; Châu, Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh; Thwaites, Guy; Doorn, H. Rogier van; Tan, Le Van

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.689658

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Similar studies in a day-care centre in Sydney, Australia, and in Viet Nam also identified CV-A16. ( 4 , 5 ) The signs and symptoms of the cases were similar to those in other HFMD outbreaks. The mild signs and symptoms reported by the cases concur with the mild and self-limiting signs and symptoms of coxsackievirus infection compared with infection with other types of enterovirus.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

School outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Northern Luzon, Philippines, October 2022

Victori,

Ventura,

Blanco

et al. 2023

WPSAR

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Objective: On 24 September 2022, the Regional Public Health Unit in Ilocos received a report of a cluster of suspected hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in one school in Balungao, Pangasinan Province, the Philippines. On 4 October 2022, the public health unit sent a team from the Field Epidemiology Training Program – Intermediate Course to conduct an outbreak investigation. Methods: Active case-finding was conducted at the school. A suspected case was defined as any student or staff member with mouth ulcers and papulovesicular or maculopapular rash on the palms, fingers, soles of the feet or buttocks occurring from 1 September to 5 October 2022. We interviewed school officials about possible sources of infection and students’ activities. We collected oropharyngeal swab samples for testing. Findings were used for descriptive analysis. Results: Nine suspected cases of HFMD were detected, with the highest number of cases (6, 67%) occurring in children in grade 1. The majority of cases (7, 78%) were 6 years old, and five cases (56%) were male. Seven (78%) of the cases had been exposed to a confirmed case of HFMD, as reported by their parents or guardians and teachers. Six cases (67%) were positive for coxsackievirus A16 and two (22%) for enterovirus. Discussion: The causative agents of this outbreak were coxsackievirus A16 and other enteroviruses. Direct contact with a confirmed case was the source of transmission, with a lack of physical distancing in classrooms likely contributing to transmission. We recommended that the local government implement measures to control the outbreak.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

School outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Northern Luzon, Philippines, October 2022

Victori,

Ventura,

Blanco

et al. 2023

WPSAR

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“…Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) was first described in New Zealand in 1957 and is a common childhood infectious illness (Nhu et al, 2021). It is prevalent worldwide and occurs mainly in children under 5 years of age (Xing et al, 2014;Ji et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease and the genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16 in Taiyuan, Shanxi, China from 2010 to 2021

Guo

Cao

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood infectious disease caused by human enteroviruses (EV). This study aimed to describe the epidemiological features of HFMD and the genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, from 2010 to 2021. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the time and population distribution of HFMD and the genetic characteristics of CVA16. Except being affected by the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, HFMD epidemics were sporadic from January to March each year, and began to increase in April, with a major epidemic peak from May to August, which declined in September, followed by a secondary peak from October to December. The prevalence of EV infection was the highest in children aged one to five years (84.42%), whereas its incidence was very low in children under one year of age (5.48%). Enterovirus nucleic acid was detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 6641 clinical specimens collected from patients with HFMD from 2010 to 2021, and 4236 EV-positive specimens were detected, including 988 enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), 1488 CVA16, and 1760 other enteroviruses. CVA16 remains prevalent and has co-circulated with other EVs in Taiyuan from 2010 to 2021. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on the VP1 region showed that all CVA16 strains belonged to two different clades of the B1 genotype, B1a and B1b. They showed a nucleotide similarity of 86.5–100%, and an amino acid similarity of 96.9–100%. Overall, these findings add to the global genetic resources of CVA16, demonstrate the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD as well as the genetic features of CVA16 in Taiyuan City during 2010–2021, and provide supporting evidence for the prevention and control of HFMD.

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“…The genetic evolution of EV-A71 virus can be divided into seven genotypes (A–G), with genotypes B and C further divided into sub-genotypes B1–B5 and C1–C5, respectively ( Brown et al, 1999 ). CVA16 is divided into 2 major genogroups A and B with genogroup B being further divided into B1 and B2 ( Nhu et al, 2021 ). Sub-genotype B1 can be further divided into clusters B1a, B1b, and B1c.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance, epidemiology, and impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 interventions on the incidence of enterovirus infections in Nanchang, China, 2010–2022

Zhou,

Qian,

Zhu

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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IntroductionPathogen spectrum of Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has substantially changed in the past decade in China. Growing evidence has indicated that anti-COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can support control of various infectious diseases, including intestinal diseases.MethodsIn this study, HFMD cases were enrolled from sentinel hospitals of Nanchang, Jiangxi province, and enteroviruses were genotyped using specific real time RT-PCR. We systematically characterized the epidemiology of HFMD based on the continuous molecular surveillance and estimated the impact of COVID-19 intervention on HFMD incidence using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models.ResultsA total of 10247 HFMD cases were included during 2010-2022, of which 6121 enterovirus (EV)-positive cases (59.7%) were identified by real-time RT-PCR. Over 80% cases were associated with EV-A71 and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) during 2010-2012, while the type distribution significantly changed as CVA6 emerged to be dominant, accounting for 22.6%-59.6% during 2013-2022. It was observed that the prevalence patterns of EV-A71 and CVA16 were similar and both of them peaked in the second quarter and then leveled off. However, CVA6 was generally prevalent around the fourth quarter, demonstrating a staggered prevalence during 2010-2019. During the COVID-19 epidemic, the seasonal HFMD epidemic peak was restrained, and the ARIMA analysis indicated that the COVID-19 intervention had mitigated EV transmission during the first COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020. In addition, bivariate Spearman’s cross-correlation coefficients were estimated for the major types CVA6, CVA16 and EV-A71. Our analyses indicated the possible existence of correlations among CVA6, CVA16 and EV-A71 prevalence in the epidemiological level.DiscussionTaken together, the type distribution of HFMD has substantially changed over the last decade and CVA6 and CVA16 are currently the most predominant types co-circulating in Nanchang. The anti-COVID-19 NPIs significantly reduced the incidence of EV infections.

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Coxsackievirus A16 in Southern Vietnam

Cited by 5 publications

References 29 publications

School outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Northern Luzon, Philippines, October 2022

School outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Northern Luzon, Philippines, October 2022

Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease and the genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16 in Taiyuan, Shanxi, China from 2010 to 2021

Surveillance, epidemiology, and impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 interventions on the incidence of enterovirus infections in Nanchang, China, 2010–2022

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