CpG ODN/Mangiferin Dual Delivery through Calcium Alginate Hydrogels Inhibits Immune-Mediated Osteoclastogenesis and Promotes Alveolar Bone Regeneration in Mice

Abstract

The immune system plays an important role in the skeletal system during bone repair and regeneration. The controlled release of biological factors from the immune system could facilitate and optimize the bone remodeling process through the regulation of the activities of bone cells. This study aimed to determine the effect of the controlled delivery of immunomodulatory biologicals on bone regeneration. Immunostimulatory cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) and glucosylxanthone Mangiferin (MAG)-embedded microbeads were incubated with P. gingivalis-challenged splenocytes, or co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells. The effect of CpG ODN/MAG-containing microbeads on bone regeneration was then tested in vivo in a mouse alveolar bone defect model. The results demonstrated that MAG significantly antagonized P. gingivalis proliferation and reduced the live/dead cell ratio. After the addition of CpG ODN + MAG microbeads, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 were upregulated on day 2 but not day 4, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β responses showed no difference at both timepoints. RANKL production by splenocytes and TRAP+ cell formation of RAW264.7 cells were inhibited by the addition of CpG ODN + MAG microbeads. Alveolar bony defects, filled with CpG ODN + MAG microbeads, showed significantly increased new bone after 4 weeks. In summary, this study evaluated a new hydrogel-based regimen for the local delivery and controlled release of biologicals to repair and regenerate alveolar bony defects. The combined CpG ODN + MAG treatment may promote alveolar bone regeneration through the anti-microbial/anti-inflammatory effects and the inhibition of RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis.

Advances in Poultry Vaccines: Leveraging Biotechnology for Improving Vaccine Development, Stability, and Delivery

“…For instance, nanoparticle (NP)-based technologies have emerged as promising replacements for older vaccine delivery methods [ 85 , 86 ]. Substantial progress has been achieved in the development and application of NP delivery technologies, including lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs), carbon nanotubes, polyplexes, polymeric nanoparticles, hydrogel beads, and colloidal nanoparticles made from Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) polysaccharides and proteins (e.g., alginate, chitosan, and gelatin) and other delivery methods, such as squalene-based cationic nano-emulsions [ 79 , 87 , 88 , 89 ]. However, phospholipids, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-containing LNPs are the most commonly used delivery systems, while the others are still in their developmental and optimization stages [ 79 ].…”