CPU scheduling and memory management for interactive real-time applications

Kato, Shigeo; Ishikawa, Yutaka; Rajkumar, Ragunathan

doi:10.1007/s11241-011-9127-8

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…(The operator can use the provided utility to modify these data structures at run time, e.g., when a new VM is created or an existing VM is destroyed.) However, we note that there is a rich literature on working-set estimation [9,31] and on memory management for real-time tasks [12,20], which can be adapted for use with cache partitions.…”

Section: Hypervisor-level Partition Allocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

vCAT: Dynamic Cache Management Using CAT Virtualization

Thi²,

Phan

et al. 2017

2017 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)

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This paper presents vCAT, a novel design for dynamic shared cache management on multicore virtualization platforms based on Intel's Cache Allocation Technology (CAT). Our design achieves strong isolation at both task and VM levels through cache partition virtualization, which works in a similar way as memory virtualization, but has challenges that are unique to cache and CAT. To demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of our design, we provide a prototype implementation of vCAT, and we present an extensive set of microbenchmarks and performance evaluation results on the PARSEC benchmarks and synthetic workloads, for both static and dynamic allocations. The evaluation results show that (i) vCAT can be implemented with minimal overhead, (ii) it can be used to mitigate shared cache interference, which could have caused task WCET increased by up to 7.2 x, (iii) static management in vCAT can increase system utilization by up to 7 x compared to a system without cache management; and (iv) dynamic management substantially outperforms static management in terms of schedulable utilization (increase by up to 3 x in our multi-mode example use case). Abstract-This paper presents vCAT, a novel design for dynamic shared cache management on multicore virtualization platforms based on Intel's Cache Allocation Technology (CAT). Our design achieves strong isolation at both task and VM levels through cache partition virtualization, which works in a similar way as memory virtualization, but has challenges that are unique to cache and CAT. To demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of our design, we provide a prototype implementation of vCAT, and we present an extensive set of microbenchmarks and performance evaluation results on the PARSEC benchmarks and synthetic workloads, for both static and dynamic allocations. The evaluation results show that (i) vCAT can be implemented with minimal overhead, (ii) it can be used to mitigate shared cache interference, which could have caused task WCET increased by up to 7.2×, (iii) static management in vCAT can increase system utilization by up to 7× compared to a system without cache management; and (iv) dynamic management substantially outperforms static management in terms of schedulable utilization (increase by up to 3× in our multi-mode example use case). Disciplines Computer Engineering | Computer Sciences

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Section: Hypervisor-level Partition Allocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

vCAT: Dynamic Cache Management Using CAT Virtualization

Thi²,

Phan

et al. 2017

2017 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)

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“…Modern GPOSs usually count with support for activities-such as GPOS device interrupt handlers or multimedia applicationsthat require (soft) real-time performance [16], [17]. Unfortunately, although the idle scheduling principle-illustrated by Fig.…”

Section: The Idle Scheduling Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The worst-case measure includes steps (15) to (17) in Fig. 11 plus an extra SafeG context switch to the GPOS.…”

Section: Requirement (3): Execution Overheadmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Scheduling for a Reliable Dual-OS Monitor

Sangorrin

Honda

Takada

2012

IPSJ Online Transactions

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Virtualization solutions aimed at the consolidation of a real-time operating system (RTOS) and a generalpurpose operating system (GPOS) onto the same platform are gaining momentum as high-end embedded systems increase their computation power. Among them, the most extended approach for scheduling both operating systems consists of executing the GPOS only when the RTOS becomes idle. Although this approach can guarantee the real-time performance of the RTOS tasks and interrupt handlers, the responsiveness of GPOS time-sensitive activities is negatively affected when the RTOS contains compute-bound activities executing with low priority. In this paper, we modify a reliable hardware-assisted dual-OS virtualization technique to implement an integrated scheduling architecture where the execution priority level of the GPOS and RTOS activities can be mixed with high granularity. The evaluation results show that the proposed approach is suitable for enhancing the responsiveness of the GPOS time-sensitive activities without compromising the reliability and real-time performance of the RTOS.

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“…Virtual memory and swapping. Redline [8] and both [9] and [10] take a full-system approach toward the dynamic resource management of CPU and memory in a commodity system. They use swapping to increase effective memory capacity, and allocate resources to meet application constraints.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Memory Utilization with Transient Memory Scheduling

Wang

Song

Parmer

et al. 2012

2012 IEEE 33rd Real-Time Systems Symposium

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Abstract-In addition to predictability, both reliability and security are increasingly important for embedded systems. To limit the scope of errant behavior in open and mixed criticality systems, a common approach is to raise isolation barriers between software components. However, this decentralizes memory management across all system components. Memory is often cached and quickly accessible in each application.This paper introduces the TMEM system for increasing memory utilization while optimizing for application end-toend constraints such as meeting deadlines. In addition to the traditional spatial multiplexing of memory, TMEM introduces the predictable temporal multiplexing of memory within caches in a system component, and memory scheduling to continually reallocate memory between components to best benefit the system. We find that TMEM is able to maintain the efficiency of caches, while also lowering both task tardiness and system memory requirements.

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CPU scheduling and memory management for interactive real-time applications

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

vCAT: Dynamic Cache Management Using CAT Virtualization

vCAT: Dynamic Cache Management Using CAT Virtualization

Integrated Scheduling for a Reliable Dual-OS Monitor

Increasing Memory Utilization with Transient Memory Scheduling

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