Cracking behavior and control of Rene 104 superalloy produced by direct laser fabrication

Yang, Jyh‐Shinn; Li, Fangzhi; Wang, Zemin; Zeng, Xiaoyan

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.06.002

Cited by 94 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As shown in Figure 3b,c, the liquation cracking first initiated from the heat affected zone, which was near the fusion line in the pre-deposition layer. The liquidation of low melting point phase in K465 superalloy leads to the occurrence of grain boundaries liquation cracking, which was proved by many researchers like Yan et al [22] and Chen et al [6,10,11]. The liquation crack in K465 superalloy extended along several deposition layers, while extended only in the K465 single layer of laminated material.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Laser metal deposition shaping (LMDS) is an efficient way for producing components with near-net-shaped, directional solidification, and controlled porosity or chemical composition gradient [2,3], and it also knows direct laser fabrication (DLF), or laser solid form (LSF). Many LMDS nickel-based superalloys have been reported, such as Inconel 625 [4], Inconel 718 [5,6], Colmonoy 227-F [7], Rene 80 [8], IN 100 [9] et al; nevertheless, some of them (e.g., Inconel 718 [6], Rene104 [10], IN100 [9], K465 [11], DZ4125 [12], and CM247LC [13] were prone to cracking. The crack sensitivity of nickel-based superalloy increases with the increasing of aluminum and titanium elements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chen et al [6] have found that liquation cracking in laser deposited 718 alloy was on account of the liquation of Laves/γ eutectic particles. Moreover, Yang et al has proved that the cracking behavior of the DLFed Rene 104 was mainly because of high content of (Al + Ti) and heat history [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, the research focus of LMDS K465 superalloy concentrates on controlling the cracks. Based on previous studies, the crack category of laser deposition superalloy may contain solidification cracking, grain boundary liquation cracking and ductility dip cracking [10]. Among them, the liquation cracks are the most serious in nickel-based superalloy with a high content of (Al + Ti), and may originate from the liquation of low melting point eutectic in the previous build layers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure and Microhardness of Laser Metal Deposition Shaping K465/Stellite-6 Laminated Material

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2017

Metals

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K465 superalloy with high titanium and aluminum contents was easy to crack during laser metal deposition. In this study, the crack-free sample of K465/Stellite-6 laminated material was formed by laser metal deposition shaping to control the cracking behaviour in laser metal deposition of K465 superalloy. The microstructure differences between the K465 superalloy with cracking and the laminated material were discussed. The microstructure and intermetallic phases were analyzed through scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the microstructure of K465/Stellite-6 laminated material samples consisted of continuous dendrites with a similar structure size in different alloy deposition layers, and the second dendrite arm spacing was finer compared with laser metal deposition shaping K465. The intermetallic phases in the different alloy deposition layers varied, and the volume fraction of carbides in K465 deposition layer of the laminated material was higher than only K465 deposition under the fluid flow effect. In addition, the composition and microhardness distribution of laminated materials variation occurred along the deposition direction.Keywords: laser metal deposition shaping; laminated material; microstructure; microhardness BackgroundK465 superalloy, known as a nickel-based alloy, is widely used for gas turbine blades and vanes [1]. K465 superalloy parts are mainly formed by conventional casting, leading to some disadvantages in forming efficiency and mechanical properties. Laser metal deposition shaping (LMDS) is an efficient way for producing components with near-net-shaped, directional solidification, and controlled porosity or chemical composition gradient [2,3], and it also knows direct laser fabrication (DLF), or laser solid form (LSF [12], and CM247LC [13] were prone to cracking. The crack sensitivity of nickel-based superalloy increases with the increasing of aluminum and titanium elements. As a result, the research focus of LMDS K465 superalloy concentrates on controlling the cracks. Based on previous studies, the crack category of laser deposition superalloy may contain solidification cracking, grain boundary liquation cracking and ductility dip cracking [10]. Among them, the liquation cracks are the most serious in nickel-based superalloy with a high content of (Al + Ti), and may originate from the liquation of low melting point eutectic in the previous build layers. Chen et al. [6] have found that liquation cracking in laser deposited 718 alloy was on account of

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure and Microhardness of Laser Metal Deposition Shaping K465/Stellite-6 Laminated Material

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2017

Metals

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“…Zhou and Li et al pointed out that low melting point phases at grain boundaries such as γ + γ eutectics and carbides were the main factors in the cracking behavior in the K3 nickel-based superalloy during laser cladding [13,14]. Yang et al proposed three cracking mechanisms based on the composition of Rene 104 and processing characteristics to explain the cracking behavior of the Rene 104 superalloy during direct laser fabrication [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cracking, Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Laser Formed and Remelted K417G Ni-Based Superalloy

Liu

Wang

et al. 2019

Coatings

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The K417G Ni-based superalloy is widely used in aeroengine turbine blades for its excellent properties. However, the turbine blade root with fir tree geometry experiences early failure frequently, because of the wear problems occurring in the working process. Laser forming repairing (LFR) is a promising technique to repair these damaged blades. Unfortunately, the laser formed Ni-based superalloys with high content of (Al + Ti) have a high cracking sensitivity. In this paper, the crack characterization of the laser forming repaired (LFRed) K417G—the microstructure, microhardness, and tribological properties of the coating before and after laser remelting—is presented. The results show that the microstructure of as-deposited K417G consists of γ phase, γ′ precipitated phase, γ + γ′ eutectic, and carbide. Cracking mechanisms including solidification cracking, liquation cracking, and ductility dip cracking are proposed based on the composition of K417G and processing characteristics to explain the cracking behavior of the K417G superalloy during LFR. After laser remelting, the microstructure of the coating was refined, and the microhardness and tribological properties was improved. Laser remelting can decrease the size of the cracks in the LFRed K417G, but not the number of cracks. Therefore, laser remelting can be applied as an effective method for strengthening coatings and as an auxiliary method for controlling cracking.

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Improvement in the Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ni–Co‐Based Superalloy by Tailoring Microstructures

Lee

Kim

et al. 2021

Adv Eng Mater

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There have been great developments in Ni-based superalloys over the decades as a next-generation structural material for extreme environments due to its outstanding mechanical properties at superhigh temperatures as well as corrosion and oxidation resistance. [1][2][3] This material is mainly composed of a base Ni and a large amount of Cr. The main strengthening mechanisms of Ni-based superalloys are solid-solution reinforcement (by adding elements such as Co, Mo, and W) and precipitation hardening (by carbide formation), which forms γ 0 phases using elements, such as Al and Ti. [4][5][6] Among them, γ 0 phase has an L1 2 structure (Al and Ti) that has misfit of less than 2% with γ matrix, and this significantly increases the mechanical properties. [7,8] Among Ni-based superalloys using solid-solution reinforcement and precipitation hardening, a Ni-Co-based superalloy has high heat resistance at %725 C, allowing it to be used for applications such as turbine discs. However, Ezugwu et al. reported that the Ni-based superalloys have low processability due to the high concentration of heat resistance elements and complex precipitation hardening, and there is a limit in controlling complicated geometricshaped structural parts. [9] Structural parts such as turbine discs can achieve optimal performance through shape control, but there are limitations in fabricating complicated shapes with conventional manufacturing process. Therefore, to efficiently fabricate the high value-added Ni-Co-based superalloy, an additive manufacturing (AM) technology that enables the fabrication of optimized geometric structural parts for high performance and minimizes material waste can be considered. [10,11] The AM technology is a manufacturing technology that makes products with complex 3D structures based on a computer-aided design (CAD) model. [12] Compared with conventional technologies, such as casting, forging, extrusion, and welding, AM requires less postprocessing and has minimal material waste, and it also has the advantage of being able to apply complex shape designs in accordance with consumer needs. [13][14][15][16][17] Among AM technologies, the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)-type selective laser melting (SLM) method is capable of controlling complex shapes, achieving uniform microstructures, and obtaining outstanding mechanical properties, making it the method most commonly applied in manufacturing Ni-based superalloys. [18][19][20][21] However, IN625 and IN718 have a maximum operating temperature of 650 C, and there are limitations in using these materials in extreme high-temperature environments. As a result, while interest in Ni-based superalloys with outstanding performance is increasing, studies that explore the material are still not sufficient.Ni-Co-based superalloys were developed as a material for parts used in extreme environments, such as high-temperature turbine discs, because they have much greater heat resistance compared with IN718 and U720Li at %725 C.

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Cracking behavior and control of Rene 104 superalloy produced by direct laser fabrication

Cited by 94 publications

References 26 publications

Microstructure and Microhardness of Laser Metal Deposition Shaping K465/Stellite-6 Laminated Material

Microstructure and Microhardness of Laser Metal Deposition Shaping K465/Stellite-6 Laminated Material

Cracking, Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Laser Formed and Remelted K417G Ni-Based Superalloy

Improvement in the Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ni–Co‐Based Superalloy by Tailoring Microstructures

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