Cracking the Black Box: Capturing the Role of Expectation States in Status Processes

Kalkhoff, Will; Melamed, David; Pollock, Josh; Miller, Brennan J.; Overton, Jon; Pfeiffer, Matthew

doi:10.1177/0190272519868988

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This may be ephemeral or, more interestingly, a system may come to saturate the construction and maintenance of an autobiography or collective biography, and it may have consequences for how we project self, attune with others, and consciously or unconsciously do bodily language. In turning to embodiment, however, we were also able to consider some aspects of cognitive neuroscience that could contribute to ongoing work in neurosociology building on symbolic interactionism (Neimeyer, 2013;Kalkhoff et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lents, 2016;de Waal 2019). Complementing this theoretical work, the emerging field of neurosociology has begun to specify the location and functioning of key processes and theoretical constructs in social psychological theory using neuroscientific methods (Kalkhoff et al , 2019Niemeyer 2013). These include self-verification in identity theory (Burke and Stets 2009), expectation states in status characteristics theory (Berger et al 1972), and solidarity in the affect theory of exchange (Lawler 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grief, Care, and Play: Theorizing the Affective Roots of the Social Self

Abrutyn¹,

Ližardo²

2020

Advances in Group Processes

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Purpose: For several decades, some sociologists have turned to evolutionary biology, neuroscience, and cognitive science to support, modify, and reconfigure existing social psychological theory. In this paper, we build on this momentum by considering the relevance of recent work in affective and cognitive neuroscience for understanding emotions and the self. Our principal aim is to enlarge the range of phenomena currently considered by sociologists who study emotion, while showing how affective dynamics play an important role across every outcome and process of interests to social scientists. Approach: Central to our concern is the way in which external social objects become essential to, and emotionally significant for, the self. To that end, we draw on ideas from phenomenology, pragmatism, classic symbolic interactionism, and dramaturgy. We begin by showing how basic affective systems may graft on, build from, and extend current social psychological usages of emotions as well as the important sociological work being done on self, from both symbolic interactionist (SI) and identity theory (IT) perspectives. Subsequently, we turn to the promising directions in studying emotional biographies and various aspects related to embodiment. Originality of the Paper: Sociologists usually think of emotions as dependent or intervening variables: (a) signaling identity or situational incongruence, (b) states to be managed, and (c) structural dimensions of superordinate-subordinate relationships. Our integration of the theory of affective systems emphasizes the independence (and, often, primacy) emotions have over other functions and suggests how this affects the construction and maintenance of self and social experience. Implications:The focus on affective systems suggests new research agendas that leverage current neurosociological methods, while pushing for new, naturalistic strategies. The latter, in particular, may be key to sociology's contributions to neuroscience, which while increasingly interested in how affect works in real situations, sociology is better positioned to bring its full tool kit to bear on this question.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grief, Care, and Play: Theorizing the Affective Roots of the Social Self

Abrutyn¹,

Ližardo²

2020

Advances in Group Processes

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“…Strong evidence links performance expectations to status, which in turn leads to social influence. Kalkhoff et al (2020) showed that self-reported expectations for partner performance were positively associated with publicly accepting the influence of a partner. Ridgeway (1982) showed that the perceived motivations of group members contribute to their relative levels of influence.…”

Section: Status and Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Status Interventions with Affect Control Theory

Soboroff

Kelley

2022

American Behavioral Scientist

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Status interventions alter task group members’ expectations for the value of each other’s contributions. While research shows that status interventions increase the likelihood that a higher-status actor will accept influence from a lower-status actor, the process by which interventions unfold during interaction deserves theoretical attention. By conceiving status interventions as lines of action that carry cultural meaning, sociologists can use structural theories of symbolic interaction such as Affect Control Theory (ACT) to better understand them. One status intervention involves lower-status actors presenting themselves as group-motivated to counter expectations that lower-status actors are self-interested. An interaction simulator based in ACT, INTERACT, allows us to demonstrate how group-motivation alters impressions of lower-status actors from the perspective of a higher-status actor. Given that gender has been identified as a status characteristic that favors men in the U.S., we use INTERACT to model the effect of a woman presenting herself as group motivated on a man’s impressions. Results suggest that qualitative insights from INTERACT can be used to further explore the relationship between status interventions and hierarchy in everyday life.

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“…Dozens of small group studies confirm the association between status and behavioral inequalities (Berger and Webster 2018), and the theory has been applied to explain racial and gender inequalities (e.g., Correll 2004; Lovaglia et al 1998). But measuring the culturally informed expectations placing individuals in a group’s status hierarchy poses at least three problems (Kalkhoff et al 2020). First, such expectations are not usually conscious; measuring them with a questionnaire is problematic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…group's status hierarchy poses at least three problems (Kalkhoff et al 2020). First, such expectations are not usually conscious; measuring them with a questionnaire is problematic.…”

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confidence: 99%

Measuring Racial Status Beliefs with Implicit Associations

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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Status distinctions have important consequences for most aspects of life, including inequalities in wealth, segregation, and interaction patterns in small groups. Much work documents such inequalities, but the mechanisms producing them are less understood. In our 2019 ASR article, “Status Characteristics, Implicit Bias, and the Production of Racial Inequality,” we showed that a novel measure of implicit status beliefs explained some of the effect of race on social influence. The measure is based on an implicit association test (IAT) assessing the association between status and racial categories. In their comment, Bursell and Olsson (2020) assert that the IAT may be capturing evaluative bias, not status beliefs. Furthermore, Bursell and Olsson suggest our measure may work better for white compared to black participants. In this response, we review work in the sociology of culture and social psychology establishing the multidimensionality of cultural beliefs, and we present results from a new experiment, showing status and evaluations load on distinct underlying constructs. Results also show no racial differences in these measurement properties. We conclude with a discussion of ways to further refine the racial status IAT and the broader implications of this exchange.

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Cracking the Black Box: Capturing the Role of Expectation States in Status Processes

Cited by 15 publications

References 61 publications

Grief, Care, and Play: Theorizing the Affective Roots of the Social Self

Grief, Care, and Play: Theorizing the Affective Roots of the Social Self

Modeling Status Interventions with Affect Control Theory

Measuring Racial Status Beliefs with Implicit Associations

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