Cradle to Cradle in Urban Planning

Abstract

Cradle to Cradle is a well-known sustainability concept introduced by Braungart and McDonough. It is a concept about how a product can be designed from the outset so that, after their useful lives, they will provide nourishment for something new, thus "waste equals food" (Braungart and McDonough, 2002

From Circular Economy to Circular Society

“…It is therefore important that local governments think more clearly about how the CE is governed and who would be advantaged or disadvantaged in the implementation of circular policies or actions. This can be achieved through a myriad of participatory mechanisms that give citizens not only a voice but actual power over policy decisions such as participatory budgeting processes, citizen assemblies and deliberative councils (Bookchin, 1982;Kusumo, 2012;Prendeville et al, 2018;Savini, 2021b;Thomson and Newman, 2020;Voytenko Palgan et al, 2021). Research on deliberative democracy shows that these democratic mechanisms not only improve the engagement and empowerment of citizens in the construction of their city but, also lead to more sustainable and progressive policies than top-down forms of decision-making (Calisto Friant, 2019;Dryzek et al, 2019;Fishkin, 2018;Fung and Wright, 2001).…”

“…(Baffour Awuah and Booth, 2014;Delgado Ramos, 2015;Prendeville et al, 2018;Spiegelhalter and Arch, 2010). These multi-functional planning policies not only reduce a city's occupation of land but also create convivial neighbourhoods where offices, housing, parks, markets, education, public transport, healthcare, and other key urban infrastructure and services are easily and quickly accessible for all people (including disabled, elderly, children, women and other vulnerable or marginalized groups) (Baffour Awuah and Booth, 2014;Carrière et al, 2020;Crabtree, 2006;Hirwani and Vaiya, 2020;Hong et al, 2014;Krähmer, 2022;Kusumo, 2012;Spiegelhalter and Arch, 2010;Thomson and Newman, 2016;Xue, 2014).…”