Cranial Morphometry of Pacific Coast Elk (Cervus elaphus)

Schonewald-Cox, C.; Bayless, Jonathan; Schonewald, Jacqueline

doi:10.2307/1380957

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Thirty-six cranial characters were measured, but only 16 were selected for this analysis; this was done to maximize the comparative value of these data to other studies (Ahlen 1965, Lowe and Gardiner 1974, 1989, and Schonewald- Cox et al 1985). The 16 characters that were analyzed are listed in Table 5 and illustrated in Schonewald- Cox et al (1985), 1 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 16 characters that were analyzed are listed in Table 5 and illustrated in Schonewald- Cox et al (1985), 1 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Statistical assumptions and procedures followed methods described in detail in Schonewald- Cox et al (1985).…”

Section: Intracontinental Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seven OTU's were identified with ranges that did not overlap, but which constituted the full North American distribution. Pacific populations were first separated into 3 natural OTU's based on Schonewald-Cox et al (1985). Use of these OTU's in addition to EWASH, RKYMT/CASC, ALBT, and SASK/MANIT OTU's was a testable alternative for how phenotypic diversity was distributed.…”

Section: Subspeciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presently, the extant populations of C. elaphus in North America are subdivided into four subspecies, roosevelti, nannodes, merriami and nelsoni, based on the earlier systematic descriptions by Merriam (1897Merriam ( , 1905, Nelson (1902), and Bailey (1935); regional genetic studies by Dratch (1983Dratch ( , 1986) and Dratch and Gyllensten (1985); evolutionary and behavioral study by Geist (1991); localized natural history (Houston 1982) and morphometric descriptions by McCullough (1969), Hutton (1972), Schonewald-Cox et al (1985), and McCorquodale et al (1989). McCullough (1969) provides the first semi-quantitative morphometric description of C. elaphus nannodes and compares it to a few C. e. roosevelti and C. e. nelsoni specimens; he concluded C. e. nannodes was more appropriate than C. nannodes (Merriam 1905).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cervus canadensis and C. elaphus : North American subspecies and evaluation of clinal extremes

Schonewald¹

1994

Acta Theriol.

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The distinctiveness of each extant North American subspecies of C. elaphus (Linnaeus, 1758) was tested using craniometric data. To provide a context for interpretation of these data, the distinctiveness of North American C. elaphus from Eurasian C. elaphus was reassessed from existing data and conclusions tested. Morphometric variations in size, shape, and sexual dimorphism of adult crania were analyzed using combined male-female and independent male and female principal component analyses. North American subspecies do not represent natural biogeographic variation as earlier presumed. Posterior classification error was highest for subspecies, but was lowest for a set of 6 Operational Taxonomic Units that recognized C. elaphus-Olympic, C. elaphus-northern California and Oregon, C. elaphus-eastern Washington, C. elaphus-Rocky mountain and Cascade mountain, C. elaphus-Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and C. elaphus-centralCalifornia. Males and females differed in their sizes, shapes and affinities to other populations. Intracontinental differences in the kind and amount of sexual dimorphism reinforced the importance of measuring and contrasting male and female features in phylogeographic analyses. Use of existing nomenclature as a blind guide for comparative systematics and ecology and for conservation undermines the quality of research and conservation for C. elaphus in North America. Previous arguments for a single-species circumglobal cline do not take into account sexual dimorphism, behavior and reproduction. Major intercontinental differences do exist between clinal extremes in behavior, in cranial size and sexual dimorphism in addition to semilethal Fi hybridization. All suggest C. elaphus and North American Cervus are different species. Whether the transition is smooth, whether stepped transitions occur, and whether "canadensis" correctly represents the species' distribution need verification.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 16 characters that were analyzed are listed in Table 5 and illustrated in Schonewald- Cox et al (1985), 1 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Statistical assumptions and procedures followed methods described in detail in Schonewald- Cox et al (1985).…”

Section: Intracontinental Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subspeciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Cervus canadensis and C. elaphus : North American subspecies and evaluation of clinal extremes

Schonewald¹

1994

Acta Theriol.

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Evidence for a genetic component of female fecundity in British Roe Deer from studies of cranial morphometrics

Hewison

1997

Functional Ecology

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Summary1. The fecundity of adult female Roe Deer varies by a factor of 2·35 among populations across Britain. Although much of this variation may be related to environmental differences, there could also be a genetic influence on this component of fitness. In this paper, the relationship between morphological variation of the skull and female fecundity in Roe Deer from 13 populations across the deer's entire range in Britain is investigated. 2. First, principal components analysis of cranial data was used to infer genetic relationships among populations. Three distinct morphological types were identified, all significantly differentiated from the others in terms of both size and shape. The results are compared with earlier analyses of biochemical variation among the same sites; a possible native morph is identified. 3. Subsequently, canonical ordination techniques (redundancy analysis) were used to control for the effects of 'environmental' variation (female body mass, density, climate) and, with the residual variation, the correlation between skull morphology and female fecundity was investigated. This correlation is significant for both the extracted axes (R > 0·7), indicating that there are heritable differences between populations affecting female fecundity. 4. The analysis suggests that Roe Deer native to Britain are of a genetically less fecund type relative to populations established by introductions from the continent.

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Species‐wide phylogeography of North American mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus): cryptic glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization

et al. 2009

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Quaternary climatic oscillations greatly influenced the present-day population genetic structure of animals and plants. For species with high dispersal and reproductive potential, phylogeographic patterns resulting from historical processes can be cryptic, overshadowed by contemporary processes. Here we report a study of the phylogeography of Odocoileus hemionus, a large, vagile ungulate common throughout western North America. We examined sequence variation of mitochondrial DNA (control region and cytochrome b) within and among 70 natural populations across the entire range of the species. Among the 1766 individual animals surveyed, we recovered 496 haplotypes. Although fine-scale phylogenetic structure was weakly resolved using phylogenetic methods, network analysis clearly revealed the presence of 12 distinct haplogroups. The spatial distribution of haplogroups showed a strong genetic discontinuity between the two morphological types of O. hemionus, mule deer and black-tailed deer, east and west of the Cascade Mountains in the Pacific Northwest. Within the mule deer lineage, we identified several haplogroups that expanded before or during the Last Glacial Maximum, suggesting that mule deer persisted in multiple refugia south of the ice sheets. Patterns of genetic diversity within the black-tailed deer lineage suggest a single refugium along the Pacific Northwest coast, and refute the hypothesis that black-tailed deer persisted in one or more northern refugia. Our data suggest that black-tailed deer recolonized areas in accordance with the pattern of glacial retreat, with initial recolonization northward along a coastal route and secondary recolonization inland.

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Cranial Morphometry of Pacific Coast Elk (Cervus elaphus)

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Cervus canadensis and C. elaphus : North American subspecies and evaluation of clinal extremes

Cervus canadensis and C. elaphus : North American subspecies and evaluation of clinal extremes

Evidence for a genetic component of female fecundity in British Roe Deer from studies of cranial morphometrics

Species‐wide phylogeography of North American mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus): cryptic glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization

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