Cranial Muscles of the Sulawesi Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis)

Abstract

The detailed muscular anatomy of the head of the Sulawesi Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) is described for the first time. The results show that the muscular anatomy of the Babyrousa is very similar to the pig genus Sus, despite long geological separation from it. Some differences were noted: the M. parietoauricularis was more clearly separated into two parts in the Babirusa than in the domestic pig; the rostral fibres of the M. levator anguli oculi reached the infraorbital sinus in the Babirusa but only as far as the medial corner of the eye in the domestic pig; the M. palatinus of the Babirusa is paired and did not reach the Os palatinum, unlike its description in the domestic pig and the Platysma pars zygomatica originates from the fascia of the neck in the Babirusa, whereas that of the domestic pig originates largely or entirely from the scapula.

Vertebral Column, Rib and Sternal Muscles of Sulawesi Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis)

“…Functional reasons for some of these have been suggested, and further studies may be expected to help explain at least some of the others. This paper, when taken together with our previous publications (Macdonald et al., 1985; Kneepkens et al., 1989; Macdonald and Kneepkens, 1995; Kneepkens and Macdonald, 2010), completes this survey of the Myologia of the Sulawesi Babyrousa ( Babyrousa celebensis ).…”

“…As in our previous studies of the limb and head muscles (Kneepkens et al., 1989; Macdonald and Kneepkens, 1995; Kneepkens and Macdonald, 2010) an analysis of the functional consequences of the differences between the Babyrousa and the other members of the Suidae did not form part of the formal design of this study of the axial skeleton. However, in preparation for such investigations it is pertinent to note the range of postures and movements exhibited by the Babyrousa and other pigs.…”

“…The Sulawesi Babirusa ( Babyrousa celebensis ) is an endangered suid native to the island of Sulawesi in eastern Indonesia (Macdonald et al., 2008). Recent anatomical and histological studies have expanded our knowledge of the soft‐tissue anatomy of this species (Langer, 1973; Kneepkens et al., 1989; Macdonald and Kneepkens, 1995; Leus et al., 1999, 2004; Agungpriyono et al., 2000; Kneepkens and Macdonald, 2010). Several of these studies were of the limb musculature (Macdonald et al., 1985; Kneepkens et al., 1989; Macdonald and Kneepkens, 1995).…”

“…Several of these studies were of the limb musculature (Macdonald et al., 1985; Kneepkens et al., 1989; Macdonald and Kneepkens, 1995). More recent work described the musculature of the head (Kneepkens and Macdonald, 2010). The present paper extends this work by describing the muscles attached to the vertebrae, ribs and sternebrae of the Babyrousa.…”

Tracing the Paleobiology of Paedotherium and Tremacyllus (Pachyrukhinae, Notoungulata), the Latest Sciuromorph South American Native Ungulates – Part II: Orbital, Auditory, and Occipito-Cervical Regions

“…These marks seem to correspond to the origin of other main ear muscles (e.g., mm. parietoauricularis and parietoscutularis; Barone 1987;König and Liebich 2016;Kneepkens and Macdonald 2010;Evans and de Lahunta 2013). Furthermore, MacPhee (2014) suggested an additional scar, the "theca spine" developed in the anterodorsal region of the bullae of pachyrukhines, as indicative of a probable large development of the m. parietoauricularis (Fig.…”