Craniofacial morphology and sleep apnea in children with obstructed upper airways: Differences between genders

Francesco, Renata Cantisani Di; Monteiro, R.S.; Paulo, Maria Luiza de Melo; Buranello, Fernando Stefanato; Imamura, Rui

doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.12.011

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…OSA appears to be more severe in boys than in girls due to the craniofacial morphology, which may be relevant for preventing sleep apnoea in adult males. The long-term follow-up of OSA in boys is mandatory for preventing the disease in adulthood 29.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing obstructive sleep apnoea in children: the role of craniofacial morphology

Bozzini¹,

Francesco²

2016

Clinics

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Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is a type of sleep-disordered breathing that affects 1 to 5% of all children. Pharyngeal and palatine tonsil hypertrophy is the main predisposing factor. Various abnormalities are predisposing factors for obstructive sleep apnoea, such as decreased mandibular and maxillary lengths, skeletal retrusion, increased lower facial height and, consequently, increased total anterior facial height, a larger cranio-cervical angle, small posterior airway space and an inferiorly positioned hyoid bone. The diagnosis is based on the clinical history, a physical examination and tests confirming the presence and severity of upper airway obstruction. The gold standard test for diagnosis is overnight polysomnography. Attention must be paid to identify the craniofacial characteristics. When necessary, children should be referred to orthodontists and/or sleep medicine specialists for adequate treatment in addition to undergoing an adenotonsillectomy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing obstructive sleep apnoea in children: the role of craniofacial morphology

Bozzini¹,

Francesco²

2016

Clinics

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“…The literature 2 - 7 has demonstrated a relationship between craniofacial dimensions and upper airway structures in patients with OSA. These results give support to the potential role facial measurements play in the anatomical phenotype of OSA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mandibular deficiency and increased anterior-inferior facial height highlight such possibility. 7 The majority of publications 7 - 12 used cephalometric measurements to define craniofacial morphology, which may cause considerable doubt and contradiction. In an attempt to avoid it, the present study aims at assessing a diagnosis system that considers the genetic determinism of craniofacial morphology, with specific methods centered around a diagnosis concept based on facial patterns, 13 , 14 in addition to studying its relationship with obstructive sleep apnea in adult patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea

Capistrano

Cordeiro

Filho

et al. 2015

Dental Press J. Orthod.

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Objective: This study aimed at assessing the relationship between facial morphological patterns (I, II, III, Long Face and Short Face) as well as facial types (brachyfacial, mesofacial and dolichofacial) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients attending a center specialized in sleep disorders. Methods: Frontal, lateral and smile photographs of 252 patients (157 men and 95 women), randomly selected from a polysomnography clinic, with mean age of 40.62 years, were evaluated. In order to obtain diagnosis of facial morphology, the sample was sent to three professors of Orthodontics trained to classify patients' face according to five patterns, as follows: 1) Pattern I; 2) Pattern II; 3) Pattern III; 4) Long facial pattern; 5) Short facial pattern. Intraexaminer agreement was assessed by means of Kappa index. The professors ranked patients' facial type based on a facial index that considers the proportion between facial width and height. Results: The multiple linear regression model evinced that, when compared to Pattern I, Pattern II had the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) worsened in 6.98 episodes. However, when Pattern II was compared to Pattern III patients, the index for the latter was 11.45 episodes lower. As for the facial type, brachyfacial patients had a mean AHI of 22.34, while dolichofacial patients had a significantly statistical lower index of 10.52. Conclusion: Patients' facial morphology influences OSA. Pattern II and brachyfacial patients had greater AHI, while Pattern III patients showed a lower index.

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“…However, recent studies suggest that OSA is not benign in children either. It is relatively common in children, in whom it is associated with overweight,1 2 craniofacial abnormalities,3 neurological4 and otolaryngeal diseases. OSA is associated with cardiovascular changes, including ECG and blood pressure (BP) changes,5 excessive daytime sleepiness,6 7 cognitive impairment,8 9 behavioural changes,10 school and educational problems9 11 and reduced quality of life 12.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morbidity and mortality in children with obstructive sleep apnoea: a controlled national study

Jennum

Ibsen²,

Kjellberg³

2013

Thorax

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Craniofacial morphology and sleep apnea in children with obstructed upper airways: Differences between genders

Cited by 31 publications

References 16 publications

Managing obstructive sleep apnoea in children: the role of craniofacial morphology

Managing obstructive sleep apnoea in children: the role of craniofacial morphology

Facial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea

Morbidity and mortality in children with obstructive sleep apnoea: a controlled national study

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