Craniofacial Muscle Development

Michailovici, Inbal; Eigler, Tamar; Tzahor, Eldad

doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.022

Cited by 36 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 151 publications

(213 reference statements)

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“…Many non-somite-derived muscles are also marked when the Cre is under insulin gene enhancer protein (Isl1) control (14). This labeling is seen for muscles in the neck region, as well as facial expression muscles, whereas masticatory muscles derived from the first branchial arch are partially labeled.…”

Section: Pitx2 Tbx1mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…These cardiopharyngeal progenitors express homologs of genes such as Nkx2-5 and Tbx1, and functional studies have shown a remarkable degree of conservation with the vertebrate gene regulatory network, reminiscent of cells in the SHF (49). Isl1 is also expressed in these progenitors, although it is maintained in the muscle derivatives, whereas in vertebrates, Islet1 is thought to repress skeletal myogenesis (14). Another apparent difference is the upstream role of Collier/Olf1/EBF in specifying muscle identity in atrial siphon muscles at the expense of heart myocardium.…”

Section: Evolutionary Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the mesodermal core of the branchial arches, where progenitor cells for cardiac and skeletal muscle are present, distal and proximal domains can be distinguished, in which MyoD and Myf5 have been activated or where expression of Isl1 and other SHF markers are maintained (14). Signaling pathways functioning in pharyngeal mesoderm affect the behavior of these progenitor cells.…”

Section: Cardiac Muscle and The Second Heart Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neural crest cells release the WNT antagonist Frzb and also noggin and gremlin to counteract BMP signaling, which, as in the trunk, inhibits myogenesis. In the pharyngeal arches, FGF signaling plays a major role in regulating progenitor cell proliferation vs. differentiation (14).…”

Section: Pitx2 Tbx1mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gene regulatory networks and cell lineages that underlie the formation of skeletal muscle

Buckingham

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Skeletal muscle in vertebrates is formed by two major routes, as illustrated by the mouse embryo. Somites give rise to myogenic progenitors that form all of the muscles of the trunk and limbs. The behavior of these cells and their entry into the myogenic program is controlled by gene regulatory networks, where paired box gene 3 (Pax3) plays a predominant role. Head and some neck muscles do not derive from somites, but mainly form from mesoderm in the pharyngeal region. Entry into the myogenic program also depends on the myogenic determination factor (MyoD) family of genes, but Pax3 is not expressed in these myogenic progenitors, where different gene regulatory networks function, with T-box factor 1 (Tbx1) and paired-like homeodomain factor 2 (Pitx2) as key upstream genes. The regulatory genes that underlie the formation of these muscles are also important players in cardiogenesis, expressed in the second heart field, which is a major source of myocardium and of the pharyngeal arch mesoderm that gives rise to skeletal muscles. The demonstration that both types of striated muscle derive from common progenitors comes from clonal analyses that have established a lineage tree for parts of the myocardium and different head and neck muscles. Evolutionary conservation of the two routes to skeletal muscle in vertebrates extends to chordates, to trunk muscles in the cephlochordate Amphioxus and to muscles derived from cardiopharyngeal mesoderm in the urochordate Ciona, where a related gene regulatory network determines cardiac or skeletal muscle cell fates. In conclusion, Eric Davidson's visionary contribution to our understanding of gene regulatory networks and their evolution is acknowledged.skeletal myogenesis | muscle origins | second heart field | gene regulatory networks | cell lineages M ovement is a fundamental requirement for animal survival, both for finding food/feeding and for avoiding predators/ locating to a propitious environment, and depends on cells with contractile properties, mainly based on actomyosin motor activity. In more sophisticated organisms, specialized contractile proteins are present in muscle cells. In vertebrates, striated muscle permits movement and also underlies the pumping activity of the heart, which, like the simpler peristaltic pumps present in the vascular system of many animals, performs a vital function in ensuring the circulation of nutrients within the body. Striated muscles contain a range of distinct and overlapping contractile protein isoforms, adapted to functional requirements of the motor activity of different skeletal muscles or of contractility in different cardiac compartments of the heart. Although the contractile apparatus is similar at the protein level, the upstream regulation of cardiac or skeletal muscle genes is different. Skeletal muscle formation depends on myogenic regulatory factors of the myogenic determination factor (MyoD) family, whereas in cardiac muscle, these basic helix-loop-helix factors do not play a role, and other families of transcription factors...

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Section: Pitx2 Tbx1mentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Evolutionary Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiac Muscle and The Second Heart Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pitx2 Tbx1mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gene regulatory networks and cell lineages that underlie the formation of skeletal muscle

Buckingham

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Axial and limb muscle progenitors originate from the somites, transient epithelial blocks of paraxial mesoderm located bilateral to the neural tube, while head muscle progenitors largely come from cranial pre-chordal and pharyngeal mesoderm, lateral to the developing brain (Bryson-Richardson and Currie, 2008; Buckingham, 2006; Michailovici et al, 2015; Murphy and Kardon, 2011; Wotton et al, 2015). Reflecting their different embryonic origins, the axial and limb muscle progenitors express the transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7, while the head progenitors express a heterogeneous array of transcription factors, including Pitx2, Tbx1, Islet1, Lhx2, Nkx2.5, MyoR and Capsulin (Michailovici et al, 2015; Murphy and Kardon, 2011; Relaix et al, 2005; Sambasivan et al, 2011; Tzahor, 2009). Subsequently, in all regions of the body muscle progenitors become committed myoblasts that express the myogenic regulatory transcription factors MyoD, Myf5 and/or Mrf4.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connecting muscle development, birth defects, and evolution: An essential role for muscle connective tissue

Sefton

Kardon

2019

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

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Skeletal muscle powers all movement of the vertebrate body and is distributed in multiple regions that have evolved distinct functions. Axial muscles are ancestral muscles essential for support and locomotion of the whole body. The evolution of the head was accompanied by development of cranial muscles essential for eye movement, feeding, vocalization, and facial expression. With the evolution of paired fins and limbs and their associated muscles, vertebrates gained increased locomotor agility, populated the land, and acquired fine motor skills. Finally, unique muscles with specialized functions have evolved in some groups, and the diaphragm which solely evolved in mammals to increase respiratory capacity is one such example. The function of all these muscles requires their integration with the other components of the musculoskeletal system: muscle connective tissue (MCT), tendons, bones as well as nerves and vasculature. MCT is muscle’s closest anatomical and functional partner. Not only is MCT critical in the adult for muscle structure and function, but recently MCT in the embryo has been found to be crucial for muscle development. In this review, we examine the important role of the MCT in axial, head, limb, and diaphragm muscles for regulating normal muscle development, discuss how defects in MCT-muscle interactions during development underlie the etiology of a range of birth defects, and explore how changes in MCT development or communication with muscle may have led to the modification and acquisition of new muscles during vertebrate evolution.

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Vertebrate Embryo: Craniofacial Development

Francis‐West¹,

Crespo-Enríquez²

2016

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Craniofacial development requires the co‐ordinated integration of signals from the endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm, neuroectoderm and neural crest cells (NCCs). Reflecting this complexity, craniofacial abnormalities are leading causes of birth defects and infant mortality. As the craniofacial complex shares tissue origins with the heart, craniofacial defects are often linked to cardiac defects. The key steps in craniofacial development and evolution include the generation, migration and differentiation of NCCs, and the dynamic interplay between signals in the NCC and the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The NCC determine species diversity whilst signals from the endoderm determine which facial structures are formed. Reflecting the evolutionary novelty of the head, the mechanisms of musculoskeletal development are also distinct from the trunk. Key Concepts The vertebrate head arose due to the evolution of neural crest and sensory placodes. Neural crest cells are a transient population of multipotent cells that give rise to most of the derivatives of the face and neck. The neck and lower jaw are formed from pharyngeal arches, transient structures that arise in a rostral‐caudal sequence. The pharyngeal arches initially consist of mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm and neural crest. Each of these tissue layers gives rise to different derivatives. The cranial neural crest arises from the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. The neural crest streams migrate along stereotypical paths into the developing face and pharyngeal arches. Patterning of the pharyngeal arches 2, 3, 4 and 6 is determined by Hox genes. The developing face (pharyngeal arch 1 or mandibular primordia, maxillary primordia, lateral and medial processes) does not express Hox genes. The face is patterned by homeobox genes. Growth factors, for example SHH, FGF8, ENDOTHELIN‐1 and BMP4 control the growth of the face (cell survival and proliferation) through epithelial–mesenchymal signalling interactions and patterning via regulation of homeobox gene expression. Signals from the early endoderm pattern the facial primordia, for example medial nasal process (nasal septum) versus the mandibular primordia (Meckel's cartilage). The neural crest determines the shape of the face, that is characteristic species shape. These effects are mediated, in part, by BMP4 expression and the positioning of the FEZ, a growth zone in the upper face. The cranial mesoderm and cranial NCC are required for both the development of the head and heart and therefore, cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities often occur together. The development of some cardiac muscles and cranial striated muscles has shared molecular requirements.

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Craniofacial Muscle Development

Cited by 36 publications

References 151 publications

Gene regulatory networks and cell lineages that underlie the formation of skeletal muscle

Gene regulatory networks and cell lineages that underlie the formation of skeletal muscle

Connecting muscle development, birth defects, and evolution: An essential role for muscle connective tissue

Vertebrate Embryo: Craniofacial Development

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