Cravings and aversions during pregnancy

Dickens, Geoffrey L.; Trethowan, W. H.

doi:10.1016/0022-3999(71)90037-7

Cited by 72 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This is supported by the decrease in restrained eating shown when dieting behaviour was compared from before to during pregnancy. This supports previous research which has indicated that women commonly eat more when they are pregnant 11,12 and suggests that this increase can be detected by both cross sectional and retrospective designs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…For example, in terms of pregnancy related cravings and aversions, research suggests that pregnancy may trigger such changes particularly in women with a history of food faddiness in childhood, who have shown stress-induced appetite changes and who smoked prior to the onset of pregnancy. 11 Furthermore, Fairburn and Welch 12 reported that overeating during pregnancy was not uncommon. Most of the women in this study reported eating more often during pregnancy than they had in the past and the authors suggested three reasons for these changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of pregnancy on eating behaviour and aspects of weight concern

Clark

Ogden²

1999

Int J Obes

107

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BACKGROUND: Excessive weight gain in pregnancy and retention of this weight gain is a well known problem. How women with a history of dietary restraint adjust to being pregnant, is of interest, as pregnancy epitomises many of the factors known to trigger overeating. OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of pregnancy on eating behaviour and weight concern and the role of dietary restraint in mediating any changes. METHODS: Primigravid (n 50) and non-pregnant nulliparous (n 50) women completed a questionnaire to describe their pro®le characteristics, current health behaviours, eating behaviour and weight concern. The pregnant women completed additional retrospective items relating to these factors for the period prior to their pregnancy. RESULTS: The pregnant women reported eating more, showed lower levels of dietary restraint, were less dissatis®ed with their body shape and showed higher eating self ef®cacy than non-pregnant women. Compared to the months prior to their pregnancy, the pregnant women rated themselves as less restrained in their eating behaviour and nearly half stated that they were eating more. In terms of the impact of pre pregnancy levels of dietary restraint, the results showed a signi®cant interaction between restrained eating and pregnancy for both hunger and eating self ef®cacy. The results showed that the restrained eaters, when pregnant, rated themselves as signi®cantly less hungry and reported less dif®culty controlling their food intake than the non pregnant restrained eaters but showed comparable hunger and eating control to the other groups. The results showed no effect of restrained eating on weight change. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that pregnancy both legitimises increased food intake and removes any previous intentions to eat less.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of pregnancy on eating behaviour and aspects of weight concern

Clark

Ogden²

1999

Int J Obes

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…When comparing the results for 'eat more' and 'reduced eating', it is evident that a higher proportion of NVP women reported they reduced their intake of protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, and eggs. This finding supports other studies reporting on NVP and diet (7,20,23,24).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Dietary changes during first trimester pregnancy for women with nausea and vomiting in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

Chortatos¹,

Haugen²,

Iversen³

et al. 2014

Nor J Epidemiol

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Objective: Examine responses given to questions addressing whether pregnancy had caused women with nausea and vomiting (NVP) or symptom-free (SF) to alter their food habits in the first trimester in order to better understand the dietary changes taking place in women with NVP. Method: Using questions featured in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) specifically asking participants about alterations in diet and episodes of nausea and vomiting. The final sample used included 30,072 women. Results: We found 46% with no symptoms of nausea and/or vomiting in pregnancy, whilst 54% reported both nausea and vomiting. The NVP group of women were the group most affected with changes in food consumption, having the lowest proportion reporting to eat as before pregnancy, as well as the highest proportion reporting 'eating more' and 'reduced eating'. The SF group reported eating more than NVP group in one instance, that being for chocolate (SF 17.7% vs NVP 16.3%). Conclusion:We have shown a higher degree of dietary change in women with NVP compared to SF women. We also found chocolate as the only exception, with a higher proportion of SF women eating more of this food item.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…15,16 The most commonly reported aversions were for drinks containing caffeine, fatty/greasy foods, spicy or highly flavoured foods, and high protein foods (particularly meat). 16,17 In women experiencing NVP the typical gestational diet is further affected, although only a few studies have addressed this. One study found that women who experienced NVP had increased food aversions and a decreased appetite compared with those without NVP symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: associations with maternal gestational diet and lifestyle factors in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

Chortatos

Haugen

Iversen

et al. 2013

BJOG

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Objective To investigate primarily the dietary intake, as well as demographics and selected lifestyle factors, of women experiencing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, nausea only, or women who are symptom free.Design Prospective cohort study.Setting The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, a population-based pregnancy cohort.Sample Analyses were based on 51 675 Norwegian pregnancies.Methods Dietary intake was assessed by a self-reported food frequency questionnaire answered in the first trimester of pregnancy, as were data regarding nausea and vomiting. Chi-squared tests, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression were used.Main outcome measures Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP), gestational weight gain (GWG), and dietary intake.Results We found that 17 070 (33%) women experienced NVP, 20 371 (39%) experienced only nausea, and 14 234 (28%) were symptom free. Women with NVP were younger and heavier at pregnancy onset, with the lowest GWG and highest energy intake during pregnancy, primarily from carbohydrates and added sugars, compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). In multiple linear regression analysis of GWG and group adjusted for body mass index (BMI), gestational length, smoking during pregnancy, and energy intake, a significant interaction was found between BMI and group (P < 0.001). A significant effect of group (P < 0.001) was found in all BMI strata, except among underweight women (P = 0.65).Conclusions Our study suggests that women with NVP are characterised by high intakes of carbohydrates and added sugar, primarily from sugar-containing soft drinks. Whether higher intakes of carbohydrates are a response aimed to alleviate symptoms, or are actually provoking the condition, is not known.

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Cravings and aversions during pregnancy

Cited by 72 publications

References 7 publications

The impact of pregnancy on eating behaviour and aspects of weight concern

The impact of pregnancy on eating behaviour and aspects of weight concern

Dietary changes during first trimester pregnancy for women with nausea and vomiting in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: associations with maternal gestational diet and lifestyle factors in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

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