Creating the ‘Space’ for Civic Dialogue

Human Rights, Collective Memory, and Counter Memory: Unpacking the Meaning of Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia

“…Further, Stanley (2003) described how public memory often circulates among a population in a largely unchallenged manner. The ideas of collective memory are accepted and believed to be true without an acknowledgement of their partial nature, their viewpoint, and their disputed aspeccs.…”

“…defined counter memory as a practice that :Transforms history, from a judgment on the past in the name of the present truth, to a 'counter-memory ' chat combats our current modes of truth and justice, helping us to understand and change rhe present by placing it in a new relation to the past. (p. 160)In describing the public memory and those who it neglects,Stanley (2003) wrote :Yet those who do not into these narratives, whose presence and motivations are not accounted for by them, are in constant danger of being silenced or excluded, their right co be in democratic spaces called into question. Meanwhile, the actual histories chat people live, their comp lex interconnections with others, are obscured and eventually forgotten .(p.…”

Analyzing the Interaction of Item Position Effect and Student Characteristics within Explanatory IRT Models

“…During the test, inevitably, students' anxiety levels may increase as items become too difficult or unclear for them to answer. Therefore, when moving on to the next items, the anxiety and disappointment caused by the unsolved item may decrease the student's performance and the probability of correctly answering the items (McKeachie et al, 1955;Stanley, 1961;Cronbach, 1984). Smouse and Munz (1968) stated that students with very low or high anxiety levels are affected by item position.…”