Creation of a Human Head Phantom for Testing of Electroencephalography Equipment and Techniques

Collier, Thomas J.; Kynor, David B.; Bieszczad, Jerry; Audette, William; Kobylarz, Erik; Diamond, Solomon

doi:10.1109/tbme.2012.2207434

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…To systematically characterize the electrode properties, our printed and coated electrodes were connected to an EEG head phantom made using gelatin with conductive saline solution, similar to that reported in [41,42,43]. This allows controlled and repeatable testing with a known input signal.…”

Section: Performance Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Dry EEG Electrodes

Krachunov

Casson

2016

Sensors

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Electroencephalography (EEG) is a procedure that records brain activity in a non-invasive manner. The cost and size of EEG devices has decreased in recent years, facilitating a growing interest in wearable EEG that can be used out-of-the-lab for a wide range of applications, from epilepsy diagnosis, to stroke rehabilitation, to Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). A major obstacle for these emerging applications is the wet electrodes, which are used as part of the EEG setup. These electrodes are attached to the human scalp using a conductive gel, which can be uncomfortable to the subject, causes skin irritation, and some gels have poor long-term stability. A solution to this problem is to use dry electrodes, which do not require conductive gel, but tend to have a higher noise floor. This paper presents a novel methodology for the design and manufacture of such dry electrodes. We manufacture the electrodes using low cost desktop 3D printers and off-the-shelf components for the first time. This allows quick and inexpensive electrode manufacturing and opens the possibility of creating electrodes that are customized for each individual user. Our 3D printed electrodes are compared against standard wet electrodes, and the performance of the proposed electrodes is suitable for BCI applications, despite the presence of additional noise.

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Section: Performance Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Dry EEG Electrodes

Krachunov

Casson

2016

Sensors

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“…1Noteworthily, more recent and realistic phantoms, even 3D printed, are now available for these tests (Collier et al 2012). …”

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confidence: 99%

EECoG-Comp: An Open Source Platform for Concurrent EEG/ECoG Comparisons—Applications to Connectivity Studies

et al. 2019

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Electrophysiological Source Imaging (ESI) is hampered by lack of “gold standards” for model validation. Concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocorticography (ECoG) experiments (EECoG) are useful for this purpose, especially primate models due to their flexibility and translational value for human research. Unfortunately, there is only one EECoG experiments in the public domain that we know of: the Multidimensional Recording (MDR) is based on a single monkey ( www.neurotycho.org ). The mining of this type of data is hindered by lack of specialized procedures to deal with: (1) Severe EECoG artifacts due to the experimental produces; (2) Sophisticated forward models that account for surgery induced skull defects and implanted ECoG electrode strips; (3) Reliable statistical procedures to estimate and compare source connectivity (partial correlation). We provide solutions to the processing issues just mentioned with EECoG-Comp: an open source platform ( https://github.com/Vincent-wq/EECoG-Comp ). EECoG lead fields calculated with FEM (Simbio) for MDR data are also provided and were used in other papers of this special issue. As a use case with the MDR, we show: (1) For real MDR data, 4 popular ESI methods (MNE, LCMV, eLORETA and SSBL) showed significant but moderate concordance with a usual standard, the ECoG Laplacian (standard partial ); (2) In both monkey and human simulations, all ESI methods as well as Laplacian had a significant but poor correspondence with the true source connectivity. These preliminary results may stimulate the development of improved ESI connectivity estimators but require the availability of more EECoG data sets to obtain neurobiologically valid inferences.

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“…Physical phantoms with ion conduction on physiological scale demonstrated feasibility to synthetic EEG and TES analysis [9,11]. Another head phantom for EEG verification was based on carbon doped silicon and urethane resin [20]. In this phantom, the conductivity mechanism relied on electron conduction in contrast to the ion conduction in human tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head phantoms for electroencephalography and transcranial electric stimulation: a skull material study

Hunold

Strohmeier

Fiedler

et al. 2018

Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik

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Physical head phantoms allow the assessment of source reconstruction procedures in electroencephalography and electrical stimulation profiles during transcranial electric stimulation. Volume conduction in the head is strongly influenced by the skull, which represents the main conductivity barrier. Realistic modeling of its characteristics is thus important for phantom development. In the present study, we proposed plastic clay as a material for modeling the skull in phantoms. We analyzed five clay types varying in granularity and fractions of fire clay, each with firing temperatures from 550°C to 950°C. We investigated the conductivity of standardized clay samples when immersed in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution with time-resolved four-point impedance measurements. To test the reusability of the clay model, these measurements were repeated after cleaning the samples by rinsing in deionized water for 5 h. We found time-dependent impedance changes for approximately 5 min after immersion in the solution. Thereafter, the conductivities stabilized between 0.0716 S/m and 0.0224 S/m depending on clay type and firing temperatures. The reproducibility of the measurement results proved the effectiveness of the rinsing procedure. Clay provides formability, is permeable to ions, can be adjusted in conductivity value and is thus suitable for the skull modeling in phantoms.

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Creation of a Human Head Phantom for Testing of Electroencephalography Equipment and Techniques

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

3D Printed Dry EEG Electrodes

3D Printed Dry EEG Electrodes

EECoG-Comp: An Open Source Platform for Concurrent EEG/ECoG Comparisons—Applications to Connectivity Studies

Head phantoms for electroencephalography and transcranial electric stimulation: a skull material study

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