Creative Class Concentrations in Shanghai, China: What is the Role of Neighborhood Social Tolerance and Life Quality Supportive Conditions?

Rao, Yingxue; Dai, Deyi

doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1347-9

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Hitherto, a large proportion of empirical studies concerning tolerance have used the percentage of different groups (foreigners, people of different races, religions or sexual orientations, etc.) on total population (Amores et al 2016;Florida 2002Florida , 2003Gani 2016;Rao and Dai 2017) as a measure of tolerance. We consider that this percentage can give rise to erroneous conclusions since tolerance is an attitude and therefore the fact that different groups of people live in the same territory does not necessarily imply that they respect each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Tolerant Societies Demand Better Institutions?

2018

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The increasing ethnic heterogeneity that many societies are experiencing could be interpreted as a detrimental phenomenon, since empirical literature exists that indicates that higher levels of ethnic fractionalization induce higher levels of corruption. This paper aims to show the role of tolerance in overcoming this harmful effect of ethnic heterogeneity. To this end, a sample of 86 countries is tested for a positive association between ethnic fractionalization and corruption. It is then shown that tolerance offsets this effect through both direct and indirect effects on corruption. In order to analyse the indirect effects, the level of income and the freedom of the press are selected as channels, since these represent two determinants of corruption that are linked to tolerance. Moreover, tolerance and corruption have been modelled as composites. Consequently, partial least squares path modelling has been used. For our sample, an index of tolerance towards immigrants and people of different race and an index of corruption are constructed, for which several sources are jointly utilised. Our results appear to indicate that the adverse effect of ethnic fractionalization on corruption is offset by tolerance, which reduces corruption not only directly but also indirectly through the level of income and the freedom of the press.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Tolerant Societies Demand Better Institutions?

2018

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“…), places that are economically functional and aesthetically desirable (around the urban centre, along public transport routes, close to universities and waterfronts or other natural amenities), and places that are favourable to higher diversity (ethnic-racial, linguistic, gender and sexuality, marriage status, etc.) (Esmaeilpoorarabi, Yigitcanlar et al, 2018;Florida, 2002Florida, , 2014Florida and Adler, 2018;Kelly, Ruther et al, 2017;Rao and Dai, 2017;Zandiatashbar and Hamidi, 2018;Zandiatashbar, Hamidi et al, 2019b). That is, the conditions that support quality of life in these places can be determinants of the creative class's location decisions (Rao and Dai, 2017).…”

Section: Walkability and Todmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Esmaeilpoorarabi, Yigitcanlar et al, 2018;Florida, 2002Florida, , 2014Florida and Adler, 2018;Kelly, Ruther et al, 2017;Rao and Dai, 2017;Zandiatashbar and Hamidi, 2018;Zandiatashbar, Hamidi et al, 2019b). That is, the conditions that support quality of life in these places can be determinants of the creative class's location decisions (Rao and Dai, 2017). Despite the abundance of jobs being a strong decisive factor for talented workers, according to Florida (2014), there is still a correlation between these professionals and creative companies (attracting each other) and the qualifying amenities of the walkable built environment, which function as essential elements to motivate them to stay in these places.…”

Section: Walkability and Todmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Walkable Urban Environments and the Creative and Knowledge Economies

Toralles¹

2023

IRSPSD International

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Currently, many urban planning projects have sought to apply sustainable strategies, with a special dedication to mobility. International guidelines indicate a focus on pedestrians and their integration with other active and collective transport modes, discouraging car use. Conceptions of transitoriented development (TOD) see cities strengthen walkable environments around public transport stations, which provide several benefits. Around the world, there has also been a shift from a commodity-based industrial economy to a knowledge-based economy. TOD environments are seen as having the potential to attract young workers, generating jobs in creative and knowledge economies. However, criticism arises regarding the possibility of real estate valuation and consequent gentrification with the consummation of these planning practices. Considering positive and negative aspects, the objective of this paper is to provide a brief literature review of the impacts of urban transformations dedicated to stimulating pedestrian mobility, with an emphasis on their interplay with the knowledge-based economy. There is no focus on methods, rather on concepts and interpretations regarding how processes occur in spatial dynamics. Reviewing case studies from the USA, Australia and China indicates correlation between the amenities characteristic of walkable environments and the creative and knowledge sectors. Negative effects for start-ups or smaller capital companies are apparently related to the cost of real estate. With the understanding that gentrification tends to be inherent to the dynamics of urban requalification, public policies and planning actions are suggested to manage gentrification and minimise its problems.

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“…For instance, Kolenda and Liu [34] subdivided the broadly defined metropolitan area into three groups: The first group is creative flight cities, where both the number and share of creative jobs decline; the second group is creative sprawl cities, where creative jobs increase in number but decrease in share; the third group is creative engine cities, where creative jobs increase both in terms of the number and the share. After studying the case of Shanghai in China, Rao and Dai [35] believed that creative class will be attracted by open and welcoming communities, and the social tolerance in the community has a major impact for local artists. Even though these studies show a strong desire for a better explanation of the relationship between the creative class and tolerance, the specific investigations have not been completed, especially in Europe, owing to the limitations of the data or models available at that time.…”

Section: Preference Difference: From the Perspective Of Spatial Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Complexity of Location Choices of the Creative Class in Europe: Evidence from the EU Labor Force Survey 1995–2010

2020

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This paper proposes a new idea for the current argument over Florida’s cultural policies, as location choices of the creative class is a complex process involving some basic aspects of socio-economic progress. Based on the European Labor Force Survey (EU LFE) dataset, tolerance and openness indicators which represent the quality of a “people climate” are found to be positively correlated with the creative class’s location in large regions and less so in smaller ones, where business climate-related parameters, i.e., the quality of local governments and the location of universities, have stronger positive effects on locational choices of the creative class. Moreover, graduates with non-creative jobs and creative professionals (i.e., workers who provide creative solutions during the work process such as high-tech technicians or legal and healthcare workers) are concerned more about the people climate, while creative workers with a degree and a creative core (e.g., workers who provide original ideas such as scientists, engineers and artists) are more likely to prioritize a business climate. Therefore, we argue that the promotion of a “tolerant” climate, as Florida advocates, is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Instead, policy makers should appropriately relate different preferences of creative workers to their unique strengths. This provides more insights into defining the concept of creativity beyond prioritized individual success, as well as understanding the preferences and actual needs of highly skilled workers in Europe.

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Creative Class Concentrations in Shanghai, China: What is the Role of Neighborhood Social Tolerance and Life Quality Supportive Conditions?

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Do Tolerant Societies Demand Better Institutions?

Do Tolerant Societies Demand Better Institutions?

Relationships Between Walkable Urban Environments and the Creative and Knowledge Economies

Exploring the Complexity of Location Choices of the Creative Class in Europe: Evidence from the EU Labor Force Survey 1995–2010

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