Creatures of Our Own Making

Budiansky, Stephen

doi:10.1126/science.298.5591.80

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Many anopheline mosquitoes are primate feeders. Some researchers believe that anthropophilic Anopheles funestus diverged from Anopheles gambiae about 4 to 6 million years ago, which corresponds to the estimated period when human diverged from subhuman primates (39). According to this theory, the increased human density in population centers facilitated Anopheles funestus to specialize in humans.…”

Section: Environmental Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

2005

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SUMMARY Among animal viruses, arboviruses are unique in that they depend on arthropod vectors for transmission. Field research and laboratory investigations related to the three components of this unique mode of transmission, virus, vector, and vertebrate host, have produced an enormous amount of valuable information that may be found in numerous publications. However, despite many reviews on specific viruses, diseases, or interests, a systematic approach to organizing the available information on all facets of biological transmission and then to interpret it in the context of the evolutionary process has not been attempted before. Such an attempt in this review clearly demonstrates tremendous progress made worldwide to characterize the viruses, to comprehend disease transmission and pathogenesis, and to understand the biology of vectors and their role in transmission. The rapid progress in molecular biologic techniques also helped resolve many virologic puzzles and yielded highly valuable data hitherto unavailable, such as characterization of virus receptors, the genetic basis of vertebrate resistance to viral infection, and phylogenetic evidence of the history of host range shifts in arboviruses. However, glaring gaps in knowledge of many critical subjects, such as the mechanism of viral persistence and the existence of vertebrate reservoirs, are still evident. Furthermore, with the accumulated data, new questions were raised, such as evolutionary directions of virus virulence and of host range. Although many fundamental questions on the evolution of this unique mode of transmission remained unresolved in the absence of a fossil record, available observations for arboviruses and the information derived from studies in other fields of the biological sciences suggested convergent evolution as a plausible process. Overall, discussion of the diverse range of theories proposed and observations made by many investigators was found to be highly valuable for sorting out the possible mechanism(s) of the emergence of arboviral diseases.

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Section: Environmental Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

2005

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“…The importance of contact with immune individuals is critical because repeated infection amongst individuals of rural endemic areas generates an immune response in the host, who controls the infection. This fact implies that amongst the rural population, the prevalence of 6 In some tropical cities the existence of large slums facilitates the transmission of malaria. 7 See for instance Curtin (1989Curtin ( , 1998 and Cruz Marques (1987).…”

Section: Malaria and Forced Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Malaria transmission is not widespread in densely populated urban areas 6 . The outbreak of a civil war or an important social con ict very often generates the movement of people eeing from its consequences.…”

Section: Malaria and Forced Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fighting against Malaria: Prevent Wars while Waiting for the “Miraculous” Vaccine

Montalvo¹,

Reynal‐Querol²

2007

Review of Economics and Statistics

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The World Health Organization estimates that 300 million clinical cases of malaria occur annually and observed that during the 80's and part of the 90's its incidence increased. In this paper we explore the in uence of refugees from civil wars on the incidence of malaria in the refugee-receiving countries. Using civil wars as an instrumental variable we show that for each 1,000 refugees there are between 2,000 and 2,700 cases of malaria in the refugee receiving country. On average 13% of the cases of malaria reported by the WHO are caused by forced migration as a consequence of civil wars.

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“…gambiae is a dipteran hematophage and its saliva is rich in anti-inflammatory and anti-hemostatic enzymes which interfere with blood coagulation and inhibit the pain response, allowing the mosquito to have a blood-meal with a minimal chance of detection [4,37]. Proteases in the midgut, orthologs of trypsin and chymotrypsin found in higher organisms, are involved in rapid digestion [38], whereas others are involved in immune response [39].…”

Section: Functional Assignments For the Salivary Gland Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A proteomic analysis of salivary glands of femaleAnopheles gambiae mosquito

Kalume¹,

Okulate²,

Zhong³

et al. 2005

Proteomics

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Understanding the development of the malaria parasite within the mosquito vector at the molecular level should provide novel targets for interrupting parasitic life cycle and subsequent transmission. Availability of the complete genomic sequence of the major African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, allows discovery of such targets through experimental as well as computational methods. In the female mosquito, the salivary gland tissue plays an important role in the maturation of the infective form of the malaria parasite. Therefore, we carried out a proteomic analysis of salivary glands from female An. gambiae mosquitoes. Salivary gland extracts were digested with trypsin using two complementary approaches and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. This led to identification of 69 unique proteins, 57 of which were novel. We carried out a functional annotation of all proteins identified in this study through a detailed bioinformatics analysis. Even though a number of cDNA and Edman degradation-based approaches to catalog transcripts and proteins from salivary glands of mosquitoes have been published previously, this is the first report describing the application of MS for characterization of the salivary gland proteome. Our approach should prove valuable for characterizing proteomes of parasites and vectors with sequenced genomes as well as those whose genomes are yet to be fully sequenced.

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Creatures of Our Own Making

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

Fighting against Malaria: Prevent Wars while Waiting for the “Miraculous” Vaccine

A proteomic analysis of salivary glands of femaleAnopheles gambiae mosquito

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