Creep and creep damage behavior of stainless steel 316L manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

Calderón, Luis Alexander Ávila; Rehmer, Birgit; Schriever, Sina; Ulbricht, Alexander; Jácome, Leonardo Agudo; Sommer, K.; Mohr, Gunther; Skrotzki, Birgit; Evans, Alexander

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2021.142223

Cited by 23 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Due to constriction, specimen b (without) has less width compared to a (with notch) and its fracture surface seems to be less rough in a wider region, indicating less residual forced rupture. Both fracture surfaces show an overall comb structure at high magnification as well as small dimples pointing to trans-crystalline fracture at grain boundaries (ductile fracture) [17].…”

Section: Experimental Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on a predetermined point of failure for stainless steel 316L pressure loaded components made by laser powder bed fusion through stress analysis and experimental testing

Ringel

Schwarz

et al. 2023

Prog Addit Manuf

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The qualification process of pressure vessels in general is subject to governmental restrictions. Thus, introducing additive manufacturing (AM) components to the market is challenging due to incomplete standardization. To increase component safety and trust, predetermined points of failure can be integrated by design using direct manufacturing methods. A predetermined point of failure using a surface notch is one option to avoid dangerous part failure (e.g. explosion) and increase safety. For implementation, a design approach with experimental proof of concept is striven to guide manufacturers and demonstrate the behavior of the material and the component as a whole. Finite element analysis is used for investigations on the influence of surface notch geometries applied to wall structures on structural stress super-elevation. Analytical strength assessment using FKM guideline and experimental validation of PBF-LB/M-manufactured specimen behavior by static axial tensile and burst testing is carried out. Fracture surface and plastic elongation evaluation using light microscopy and 3-D surface scanning clarify the material behavior. The analytical and experimental approval of an integrated predetermined point of failure for static overload is achieved without reducing the maximum burst pressure value. The integration fulfills all theoretical requirements for structural strength. All tested specimens meet the expectations regarding static strength and failure behavior. As expected, component elongation decreases using surface notches for failure provocation. Results lead to a proposed guideline for the application of an integrated predetermined point of failure by the use of a surface notch.

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Section: Experimental Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on a predetermined point of failure for stainless steel 316L pressure loaded components made by laser powder bed fusion through stress analysis and experimental testing

Ringel

Schwarz

et al. 2023

Prog Addit Manuf

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“…The effect is most apparent in peak (220), which is consistent with the <011> texture reported in the literature for the same material and similar grain sizes (Fu et al , 2021; Wang et al , 2021). The grain size and texture are particularly relevant for creep resistance of additively manufactured 316 L because unlike conventional alloy, the fracture is intergranular (Ávila Calderón et al , 2022).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure simulation and experimental evaluation of the anisotropy of 316 L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

Barrionuevo

Ramos‐Grez²,

Walczak³

et al. 2022

RPJ

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Purpose The effect of processing parameters on the microstructure of steel produced by laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a recognized opportunity for property design through microstructure control. Because the LPBF generates a textured microstructure associated with high anisotropy, it is of interest to determine the fabrication plane that would generate the desired property distribution within a component. Design/methodology/approach The microstructure of 316 L produced by LPBF was characterized experimentally (optical, scanning electron microscopy, glow discharge emission spectrometry and X-ray diffraction), and a finite element method was used to study the microstructure features of grain diameter, grain orientation and thermal parameters of cooling rate, thermal gradient and molten pool dimensions. Findings The computational tool of Ansys Additive was found efficient in reproducing the experimental effect of varying laser power, scanning speed and hatch spacing on the microstructure. In particular, the conditions for obtaining maximum densification and minimum fusion defects were consistent with the experiment, and the features of higher microhardness near the component’s surface and distribution of surface roughness were also reproduced. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is believed to be the first systematic attempt to use Ansys Additive to investigate the anisotropy of the 316 L SS produced by LPBF.

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“…Figure 1b shows a secondary electron (SE‐)SEM image of an electropolished sample. The region shown in Figure 1b is equivalent to the OM image of the etched sample in Figure 1b of Avila et al [ 9 ] but it is presented here at a higher magnification on the YZ plane and rotated 45° clockwise around the X axis. (Note the rotation of the coordinate systems in Figure 1a,b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Micrographs of such etched cross sections have been presented manyfold in past works, for example, Figure a,b of Avila et al, [ 9 ] which respectively show micrographs of such etched cross and longitudinal sections of the same material state studied here. In the case of their Figure 1b, the image plane is parallel to the building direction (BD = Z), as shown by the black arrow in the bottom left of the image.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases, the MPBs are found to be single lines in the cross section (as indicated by the example in Avila et al [ 9 ] ), while occasionally appearing as multiple lines, as noted by Godec et al [ 10 ] The MPB defines the region of the heat‐affected zones (HAZs) [ 11 ] in the building plate for the first layers, or previously deposited layers for subsequent layers. In LPBF and other AM processes where epitaxial grain growth occurs, the MPB also defines the size and position of grains at the start of solidification of a melt pool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revealing the Nature of Melt Pool Boundaries in Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel by Nano‐Sized Modulation

et al. 2022

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In the current study, the 3D nature of the melt pool boundaries (MPBs) in a 316 L austenitic steel additively manufactured by laser‐based powder bed fusion (L‐PBF) is investigated. The change of the cell growth direction and its relationship to the MPBs is investigated by transmission electron microscopy. A hitherto unreported modulated substructure with a periodicity of 21 nm is further discovered within the cell cores of the cellular substructure, which results from a partial transformation of the austenite, which is induced by a Ga+ focused ion beam. While the cell cores show the modulated substructure, cell boundaries do not. The diffraction pattern of the modulated substructure is exploited to show a thickness ≥200 nm for the MPB. At MPBs, the cell walls are suppressed, leading to continuously connecting cell cores across the MPB. This continuous MPB is described either as overlapping regions of cells of different growing directions when a new melt pool solidifies or as a narrow planar growth preceding the new melt pool.

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Creep and creep damage behavior of stainless steel 316L manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

Cited by 23 publications

References 62 publications

Investigation on a predetermined point of failure for stainless steel 316L pressure loaded components made by laser powder bed fusion through stress analysis and experimental testing

Investigation on a predetermined point of failure for stainless steel 316L pressure loaded components made by laser powder bed fusion through stress analysis and experimental testing

Microstructure simulation and experimental evaluation of the anisotropy of 316 L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

Revealing the Nature of Melt Pool Boundaries in Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel by Nano‐Sized Modulation

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