Creep behaviour of FM906 glass-fibre epoxy as used in heated fibre metal laminates

Abstract

An innovative deicing system for aircraft leading edges has been developed which integrates heater elements into fibre metal laminates. Such an electrical system can lead to weight reductions and more efficient performances compared to conventional bleed air systems. However, the combination of thermal and mechanical loadings also raises new questions on the durability of such a structure, in particular due to the repeated heating to elevated temperature. The linear viscoelastic creep behaviour, including the effects of temperature and ageing, is therefore investigated for manufactured FM906 glass-fibre epoxy composite as used in heated GLARE. A master curve is derived based on the time–temperature and time–age superposition. The effect of physical ageing during loading is included in a long-term creep prediction.

Electrical Heaters for Anti/De-Icing of Polymer Structures

“…The use of such a combined anti-icing system can lead to a decrease in product weight, especially for outdoor structures. In [ 42 ], heated glass laminate aluminum-reinforced epoxy composite structure (GLARE) was studied as one of the most widely utilized FMLs. Since in [ 38 ] it was shown that metal foil embedded into an FRPC can cause delamination, for the GLARE as a serial product it was necessary to demonstrate that an embedded heater does not worsen mechanical properties; in particular, the absence of linear viscoelastic creep.…”

“…Since in [ 38 ] it was shown that metal foil embedded into an FRPC can cause delamination, for the GLARE as a serial product it was necessary to demonstrate that an embedded heater does not worsen mechanical properties; in particular, the absence of linear viscoelastic creep. Authors of [ 42 ] showed that the metal layers and glass fibers in GLARE offset the effect of interlaminar creep in the heated state. Continuous physical aging slows down this process in long-term temperature and stress loading.…”

“…In studies [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ] discussed above, the process of embedding the heating elements into the FRPC structures was time- and effort-consuming. It can suffer from manufacturing inconsistencies and human errors.…”

Viscoelastic and mechanical properties of CNT-reinforced polymer-based hybrid composite materials using hygrothermal creep

“…27 The creep behavior was analyzed for glass fiber–reinforced epoxy-based composites. 28 The stress relaxation and strain recovery data were determined and employed to obtain viscoelastic properties of composite materials. 29 The hygrothermal effects on the glass fiber and nanoclay-reinforced viscoelastic composite material system were addressed.…”