Hard, refractory particles long have been added to ceramic materials to impart creep resistance. The nature of such particles and the volume fraction added may vary widely between different systems. As a result, a rich variety of creep behavior and of attendant mechanisms is found. A critical survey is presented of the experimental data and of the models developed to rationalize them. Particular attention is paid to three materials systems: whisker-reinforced ceramics (e.g., SiC-whisker-reinforced Al 2 O 3 ); infiltrated powder compacts (e.g., siliconized SiC); and glass-bonded ceramics (e.g., sintered Si 3 N 4 ). A microstructural classification system is presented based on the nature of the network developed by the hard particles. This is useful as a guideline in developing mechanistic models. The current state of such models is reviewed critically. Although models for the high-and low-volume-fraction regions are well advanced, those applicable at intermediate volume fractions-relevant to whisker reinforcement for example-remain at an early stage. Finally, the experimental data on a range of materials are reviewed and classified. These data are compared with the models.