“…When a real complex engineering component is considered, these shakedown analyses are translated into the tremendous optimization problems which are hard to solve. Besides the mathematic programming methods, there are still some other direct methods, such as the elastic compensation method (ECM) (Ponter and Carter, 1997a, b;Ponter and Engelhardt, 2000), the linear matching method (LMM) (Chen and Ponter, 2001;Chen, 2010;Barbera and Chen, 2015;Barbera et al, 2017) and the stress compensation method (SCM) (Peng et al, 2018), which go around the difficulty of the optimization problem and are more suitable for practical engineering applications. The LMM simulates the plastic behavior via a series of full elastic solutions with variable moduli in time and space to evaluate shakedown limit.…”