Crime and Punishment in the Society of Lymphocytes: A Speculation on the Structure of the Putative Idiotypic Network

Cleveland, William L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3734-1_13

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Although, O's case cannot be classified as a clear case of PANDAS, it is still possible that it involves an antigen-specific autoimmune response induced by GABHS. There are, of course, multiple precedents, both experimental and theoretical, for the induction of antigen-specific anti-self-immune responses by foreign antigens that cross-react with self-epitopes or interact with self-receptors [ 101 – 103 ]. Thus, the occurrence in O of two exacerbations following probable GABHS infections is immediately suggestive of an antigen-specific autoimmune mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Dose Glycine Treatment of Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in a 5-Year Period

et al. 2009

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This paper describes an individual who was diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) at age 17 when education was discontinued. By age 19, he was housebound without social contacts except for parents. Adequate trials of three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, two with atypical neuroleptics, were ineffective. Major exacerbations following ear infections involving Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus at ages 19 and 20 led to intravenous immune globulin therapy, which was also ineffective. At age 22, another severe exacerbation followed antibiotic treatment for H. pylori. This led to a hypothesis that postulates deficient signal transduction by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Treatment with glycine, an NMDAR coagonist, over 5 years led to robust reduction of OCD/BDD signs and symptoms except for partial relapses during treatment cessation. Education and social life were resumed and evidence suggests improved cognition. Our findings motivate further study of glycine treatment of OCD and BDD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Dose Glycine Treatment of Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in a 5-Year Period

et al. 2009

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“…In this case, what appears well designed for resistance to microbial or viral agents in an otherwise immune-privileged site might have its negative counterpart, when it comes to unwanted defensive reactions within the nervous tissue in some diseases such as multiple sclerosis or myasthenia gruvis. As suggested by Cleveland (1986) in a metaphorical article entitled "Crime and punishment in the society of lymphocytes", the immunological network can be compared to a human society. It can be divided into two categories: one category that consists of an establishment composed of law-abiding citizens who do not commit offenses or crimes against each other, and a second category, referred to as a fringe element, whose members assail and destroy the establishment.…”

Section: Neuroimmunomodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%