Crime, Punishment, and Stake in Conformity: Legal and Informal Control of Domestic Violence

Análise comparativa dos efeitos da base socioeconômica, dos tipos de crime e das condições de prisão na reincidência criminal

“…Mais ainda, esta crença freqüentemente é radicalizada, em termos de uma suposta tendência das prisões de induzirem lugar de reduzir -a reincidência criminal. Tanto a bem conhecida teoria da rotulação (labeling-theory) como algumas pesquisas empíricas, fornecem apoio a esta hipótese (Sherman et al, 1992;Salem, 1995;Weisburd et al, 1995). Anteriormente, inclusive, Sherman e Berk (1984) haviam levantado argumentos com relação à reincidência, baseados na existência de reações diferentes por parte dos agentes policiais com relação a suspeitos, e correspondentes diferenças de tratamento no subseqüente trabalho de acompanhamento.…”

Intimate Partner Violence During the Transition from Prison to the Community: An Ecological Analysis

“…Many factors that are known to be associated with men's perpetration of intimate partner violence are present within the 37 situational/microsystem level of behavioral analysis (Carlson, 1984;Heise, 1998 Evidence indicates that men who are unemployed or underemployed are more likely to engage in partner abuse than men who are employed (Hampton & Gelles, 1994;Sherman, Smith, Schmidt, & Rogan, 1992;Stith et al, 2004). One explanation for this link is that unemployment may cause men to feel inadequate in terms of their masculine gender role.…”

“…From this perspective, men who are employed are less likely to perpetrate intimate partner violence because they do not want to lose their jobs. In contrast, men who are unemployed may be more likely to engage in partner abuse because they have less to lose in terms of social status (Sherman et al, 1992 Partner conflict. Scholars also identify intimate partner conflict at the situational/microsystem level within ecological analyses of intimate partner violence (Carlson, 1984;Heise, 1998;Stith et al, 2000).…”

“…As a result the woman lost her apartment and had 39 no other choice but to move in with him. Once they were living together, the woman's boyfriend moved them to a new house 45 minutes outside of town and hid her driver's license so that she could not leave to find a paying job (Moe & Bell, 2004 Evidence indicates that men who are unemployed or underemployed are more likely to engage in partner abuse than men who are employed (Hampton & Gelles, 1994;Sherman, Smith, Schmidt, & Rogan, 1992;Stith et al, 2004). One explanation for this link is that unemployment may cause men to feel inadequate in terms of their masculine gender role.…”

“…Men who are unemployed, have a low income, and are ultimately unable to provide for their family to the culturally expected degree may feel stress about not being able to 40 meet key masculine gender role expectations. This stress and conflict over feelings of inadequacy may lead to partner abuse as a way of fulfilling masculine gender role expectations (Gelles, 1999;Goldstein & Rosenbaum, 1985).Another possible explanation for the link between men's unemployment and perpetration of intimate partner violence can be found in the theoretical literature regarding informal social control and stake in conformity (e.g., Sherman et al, 1992).Employment offers a source of informal social control for most individuals and the benefits derived from employment (e.g., income, a social network, recognition, and status) increase one's stake in conformity. Individuals who have higher stake in conformity will be more likely to desist from engaging in behaviors that jeopardize the maintenance of their status.…”