Crime seen

Abstract

Lezley McSpadden, Brown's mother, outside the crime scene as her son's dead body lay in the street, Ferguson, August 9, 2014. (Screenshot, “A Look Back at the Events after Michael Brown's Death,” FOX 2 St. Louis, uploaded August 7, 2019, 5:04, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a86DHJGwi7U)

Healing the Collective: Community-Healing Models and the Complex Relationship Between Individual Trauma and Historical Trauma in First Nations Survivors

“…Many Americans can recount where they were or what they were doing when they heard of the assassination of President Kennedy or of the attacks on the Twin Towers in New York. The loss of a sense of national and individual safety and the perception of personal threat and attack on collective identity are like the POCI perceptions of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., the death of Trayvon Martin or George Floyd, or atrocities like Wounded Knee, the Trail of Tears, or the Bear River Massacre (Brendese, 2017; Equal Justice Initiative, 2017; Parikh & Kwon, 2020; Razack, 2020; Tummala-Narra, 2005; Wright, 2016). Communal traumas such as acts of racial terror, institutional abuse, and civilian massacres committed by nation-states strike fear and pain in the hearts of cultural communities and ethnic groups, but the victims are never allowed to grieve (Salzman, 2001; Weaver & Heartz, 1999; Whitbeck et al, 2004).…”