“…Previous research suggests that children’s exposure to different types of violence, for example, parental violence at home ( Arruabarrena, 2014 ), peer violence at school ( Gal, 2014 ), and neighborhood violence ( Sleet & Mercy, 2003 ) adversely impact child development by discouraging the formation of stable relationships with parents, peers, and others ( Kennedy & Prothrow-Stith, 1997 ). Parental aggression, peer bullying, and witnessing severe events (e.g., being attacked with a weapon) are the most commonly used to assess whether a child is exposed to the risk of violence ( Fernandes et al, 2013 ; Selner-O’Hagan et al, 1998 ).…”