“Crimes against the Nervous System”: Neurological References During the Nuremberg Doctors’ Trials

Nunes, Julio C.; Perret, Caio; Ordookhanian, Christ; Kaloostian, Paul E.; Abdulrauf, Saleem I.; Mattei, Tobias A.

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.092

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…The revelations and observations about the Third Reich were a reality check and eye‐opener for the scientific community regarding the possible threats to human lives in the name of unregulated state‐sponsored medical experiments (Nunes et al, 2019 ). The Nuremberg Medical Trial strongly suggested setting clearly defined boundaries for research involving humans (Marrus, 1999 ).…”

Section: The Gross Disregard Of Informed Consent During the Third Rei...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sun Also Rises: Tracing the evolution of humanistic values in anatomy pedagogy and research, including cadaveric acquisition practices

Bhattacharjee

Ghosh

2023

Journal of Anatomy

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Anatomy has always been at the intersection of the socio‐cultural and political landscape, where new ideas constantly replace older wisdom. From ancient Egyptians through the Greeks, and then the Romans, finally culminating into the European Renaissance—all the significant eras of human civilisation have left their insignia and distinct marks on the evolution of anatomical practices. Despite its utility as a tool for anatomy pedagogy and research that has proven its worth over millennia, cadaveric dissection has particularly been subject to political and social vicissitudes. A major debate about anatomical dissection lay with the ethical considerations, or its lack thereof, while acquiring corpses for demonstration in the dissection halls. From antiquity, anatomical dissection—often synonymous with medical studies—had typically been carried out on the dead bodies of executed criminals with certain laws, such as the Murder Act of 1752, facilitating such uses. Gradually, the uses of unclaimed bodies, resourced primarily from the impoverished sections of society, were also introduced. However, these body acquisition protocols often missed the crucial element of humanism and ethical considerations, while knowledge augmentation was taken as sufficient reasoning. Unfortunately, a gross disregard towards humanistic values promulgated heinous and illegal practices in acquiring corpses, including grave robbery and even murders like in the case of Burke and Hare murders of 1828. Follow‐up legislation, such as the Anatomy Act of 1832, and comparable laws in other European nations were passed to curb the vile. What distils from such a historical discourse on humane values in anatomy dissection, or medical science in general, is that the growth and integration of humanism in anatomy have never been linear, but there were intermittent and, yet, significant disruptions in its timeline. For example, there were serious human rights violations in anatomical practices during the Third Reich in Germany that perpetrated the holocaust. The medical community has kept evolving and introducing new moral values and principles while using such egregious events as lessons, ultimately resulting in the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964. This article revisits the heterogeneous journey of integrating humanistic values in anatomy practice. Such humanistic traits that, like medical science, have also developed over centuries through the inputs of physicians, researchers, and philosophers—from Greece to modernity with an important stopgap at the Renaissance—are a fascinating lore that deserves to be re‐envisioned through the lens of contemporary values and ethos. In parallel to human medicine, humanistic values continue to influence veterinary medicine, a welcome development, as our society condemns animal cruelty in any form. There are lessons to be learned from this historical journey of how humanism shaped many of the concepts that anatomists use now. Finally, and most importantly, it might prevent the medical community from repeating the same mistakes by cautioning against the traps that are there, and in a convoluted world where morality as such is eroding from our social fabric, will always be there. Such historical account acts as a righteous, ethical, and contextual compass to guide the existing and upcoming anatomists in discerning between light and dark, right and wrong, and roads—to be or not to be—taken.

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Section: The Gross Disregard Of Informed Consent During the Third Rei...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sun Also Rises: Tracing the evolution of humanistic values in anatomy pedagogy and research, including cadaveric acquisition practices

Bhattacharjee

Ghosh

2023

Journal of Anatomy

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Hate: A Worldwide Conundrum

Benzel¹

2019

World Neurosurgery

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A Sociological Interpretation in Determining the Status of Cultural Reserve Object in the Cultural Reserve Destruction Crime in Sukoharjo Indonesia (A Study on Sukoharjo District Court’s Verdict No. 172/Pid.sus/2022/PN. Skh.)

Baskara,

Handayani,

Isharyanto

2024

RGSA

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Purpose: This research aims to find out the implementation of sociological interpretation by the judge in the criminal case of cultural reserve object. Methods: This study is normative research that is descriptive in nature with case approach. Results and Conclusion: The result shows that sociological interpretation was made by the panel of judges that examined and decided the criminal case No. 172/Pid.Sus/2022/PN. Skh. through expanding the meaning of Cultural Reserve object, including the Putative Cultural Reserve Object (Indonesian: Obyek Diduga Cagar Budaya or ODCB) that has been enlisted and studied. Research implications: The source of primary legal material used was the Sukoharjo District Court’s Verdict No.172/Pid.Sus/2022/PN.Skh and the law about Cultural Reserve, while technique of analysis used was deductive (syllogism) one. Originality/value: Thus, the defendant’s act of destructing the Wall Structure of Baluwarti Palace fence that still has ODCB status at that time has met the element of cultural reserve and the defendant was sentenced.

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“Crimes against the Nervous System”: Neurological References During the Nuremberg Doctors’ Trials

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

The Sun Also Rises: Tracing the evolution of humanistic values in anatomy pedagogy and research, including cadaveric acquisition practices

The Sun Also Rises: Tracing the evolution of humanistic values in anatomy pedagogy and research, including cadaveric acquisition practices

Hate: A Worldwide Conundrum

A Sociological Interpretation in Determining the Status of Cultural Reserve Object in the Cultural Reserve Destruction Crime in Sukoharjo Indonesia (A Study on Sukoharjo District Court’s Verdict No. 172/Pid.sus/2022/PN. Skh.)

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