Criminal Legal Involvement Among U.S. Adults With Serious Psychological Distress and Differences by Race-Ethnicity

Flores, Michael; Sharp, Amanda; Moyer, Margo; Fung, Vicki; Rotter, Merrill R; Cook, Benjamin Lê

doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202200048

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…We did not include a non-Latinx Native American or Alaska Native category due to small sample size. Covariates included age (12-13, 14-15, and 16-17 years), sex (female or male), educational level (6th grade or less, 7th-8th grade, 9th-10th grade, and 11th-12th grade), federal poverty level (<100%, 100%-200%, and >200%), insurance status (private, Medicaid or Childrens’ Health Insurance Program [CHIP], Medicare, other insurance, and none), self-rated health status (excellent, very good, good, and fair or poor), and indicators (yes or no) for alcohol use disorder (AUD), drug use disorder (DUD), nicotine dependence (ND), and criminal-legal involvement …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of Major Depressive Disorder and Treatment Among Adolescents by Race and Ethnicity

Flores,

Sharp,

Carson

et al. 2023

JAMA Pediatr

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ImportanceThe COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to poorer mental health and a greater need for treatment. Nationally representative estimates of major depressive disorder (MDD) and mental health treatment among US adolescents during the pandemic are needed.ObjectiveTo estimate MDD prevalence among adolescents, evaluate mental health treatment use among adolescents with MDD, and assess differences by race and ethnicity.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional analysis of the nationally representative 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health included noninstitutionalized US adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 years (n = 10 743). Analytic weights were applied to all rates and model estimates to be nationally representative and account for sample design and survey nonresponse. Data were collected from January 14 to December 20, 2021, and analyzed from February 11 to April 3, 2023.ExposuresSelf-reported race and ethnicity.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDichotomous outcomes of MDD as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition), MDD-specific mental health treatment, any type of mental health treatment, telehealth visits, and delays in mental health treatment.ResultsThe sample included 10 743 adolescents (51.1% male). Self-reported race and ethnicity included 5.1% Asian, 14.1% Black, 23.3% Latinx, 51.2% White, and 6.3% more than 1 race. Ages were evenly distributed: 34.0% aged 12 to 13 years; 33.3% aged 14 to 15 years; and 32.7% aged 16 to 17 years. Adolescents of more than 1 race or ethnicity had the highest MDD rate (26.5%). Compared with White adolescents, the lowest rates of any MDD treatment overall were found among Latinx adolescents (29.2% [95% CI, 22.2%-36.2%]) and those of more than 1 race or ethnicity (21.1% [95% CI, 11.6%-30.7%]). Similar results were found for treatment by any clinician (Latinx, 25.6% [95% CI, 18.8%-32.4%]; &gt;1 race or ethnicity, 19.1% [95% CI, 9.7%-28.6%]), treatment by a mental health specialist (Latinx, 22.9% [95% CI, 16.9%-28.9%]; &gt;1 race or ethnicity, 16.7% [95% CI, 7.1%-26.3%]), treatment by a nonspecialist clinician (Latinx, 7.3% [95% CI, 3.3%-11.3%]; &gt;1 race or ethnicity, 4.8% [95% CI, 1.9%-7.7%]), and use of any psychotropic medication prescription (Latinx, 11.6% [95% CI, 7.3%-15.9%]; &gt;1 race or ethnicity, 8.3% [95% CI, 2.8%-13.7]). Compared with White adolescents, Black adolescents had lower rates of MDD treatment by any clinician (31.7% [95% CI, 23.7%-39.8%]) and by nonspecialist clinicians (8.4% [95% CI, 3.8%-13.2%]) and experienced lower prescription rates for any psychotropic medication (12.6 [95% CI, 4.6%-20.6%]). Asian (16.0% [95% CI, 5.0%-27.2%]) and Latinx (17.8% [95% CI, 12.6%-23.0%]) adolescents had lower rates of virtual mental health treatment compared with White adolescents. Black (19.1% [95% CI, 14.1%-24.2%]) and Latinx (17.9% [95% CI, 15.0%-21.1%]) adolescents had lower rates of appointments transition to telehealth, while Black adolescents (14.1% [95% CI, 10.7%-17.4%]) experienced delays getting their prescriptions.Conclusions and RelevanceDuring the first full calendar year of the pandemic, approximately 1 in 5 adolescents had MDD, and less than half of adolescents who needed treatment had any mental health treatment. Adolescents in racial and ethnic minority groups, particularly Latinx, experienced the lowest treatment rates. Federal policy should target adolescents as a whole, and minority populations in particular, to ensure equitable treatment access. Efforts should consider the social, racial, ethnic, and cultural determinants of health.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of Major Depressive Disorder and Treatment Among Adolescents by Race and Ethnicity

Flores,

Sharp,

Carson

et al. 2023

JAMA Pediatr

Self Cite

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“…For example, a recent analysis of incarcerated persons in Los Angeles County jails found that Black individuals composed 30% of the overall incarcerated population but 41% of the population in jail mental health housing (Appel et al, 2020). Similarly, in a nationally representative sample of adults, Black and Latinx adults with a history of serious psychological distress were significantly more likely to experience criminal-legal involvement than White adults (Flores et al, 2023). Despite this disproportionate representation of persons of color (POCs) with mental illness in carceral settings, research suggests that POCs tend to experience greater barriers in accessing needed services while incarcerated, including lower rates of referral to traditional mental health services and higher rates of solitary confinement (Kaba et al, 2015), suggesting that the representation of POCs with mental illness in carceral settings is likely greater than what is typically documented.…”

Section: Mental Health Inequities In Carceral Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The foundational role of systemic racism, discrimination, and anti-Blackness in mass incarceration has been extensively documented (Alexander, 2011;Blankenship et al, 2023). Although some evidence suggests that racial, ethnic, and gender inequities in incarceration are compounded among individuals with mental health concerns (e.g., Appel et al, 2020;Flores et al, 2023;Robertson et al, 2020), exploration of these inequities among persons with personality disorders has been remarkably limited. Personality disorders tend to be overrepresented among incarcerated populations (Prins, 2014) and are significantly associated with engagement in behaviors that may result in judicial involvement (e.g., aggression and substance use; Darke et al, 2004;Howard et al, 2014;Moore et al, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prison or treatment? Gender, racial, and ethnic inequities in mental health care utilization and criminal justice history among incarcerated persons with borderline and antisocial personality disorders.

Edwards,

Epshteyn,

Diehl

et al. 2024

Law and Human Behavior

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Objective: Borderline and antisocial personality disorders are characterized by pervasive psychosocial impairment, disproportionate criminal justice involvement, and high mental health care utilization. Although some evidence suggests that systemic bias may contribute to demographic inequities in criminal justice and mental health care among persons experiencing these mental health conditions, no research to date has explicitly examined such differences. Hypotheses: Women and White persons would be more likely to endorse internalizing symptoms and have a more extensive history of mental health service utilization, whereas men, persons from minoritized racial groups, and persons identifying as Hispanic/Latino would be more likely to endorse externalizing symptoms and have more extensive histories of involvement with the criminal justice system. Method: This study examined gender, racial, and ethnic differences in symptom presentation, criminal justice history, and mental health care utilization in a sample of 314 adults with comorbid borderline and antisocial personality disorders enrolled in prison-based substance use treatment programs in the United States. Results: Results suggested that men with these personality disorders were more likely to have early extensive criminal justice involvement, whereas women and White people had more and subset of variables relevant to these analyses are also available via the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/yue9r).Emily R. Edwards played a lead role in conceptualization, formal analysis, and writing-original draft and an equal role in writing-review and editing. Gabriella Epshteyn played a lead role in writing-review and editing and a supporting role in conceptualization, formal analysis, and writing-original draft. Caroline K. Diehl played a supporting role in conceptualization, writingoriginal draft, and writing-review and editing. Danny Ruiz played a supporting role in conceptualization, writing-original draft, and writing-review and editing. Brettland Coolidge played a supporting role in writing-original draft and writing-review and editing. Nicole H. Weiss played a supporting role in supervision and writing-review and editing. Lynda Stein played a supporting role in writing-review and editing.

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“…H.P. Carven et al [15] The first element of the study (the online quantitative survey element) comprised of an online questionnaire of 7 psychometric scales. The second element involved 9 in-depth interviews with CSIs (the qualitative element).…”

Section: IImentioning

confidence: 99%

Maniac Management System

Dandotiya

2024

IJRASET

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Criminal psychology has always been a topic that has come into immense roar these days because of the increase in crimes all around the globe, it is impossible to make out who is iniquitous in today’s time, a person sitting next to you in a local transport can be as dangerousto you as a murderer/rapist sitting inside a jail, hence the aim of this work is to find out the mechanics inside a criminals mind before and after committing a crime so that we can curb thenumber of criminals around the world by understanding their workings.

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Criminal Legal Involvement Among U.S. Adults With Serious Psychological Distress and Differences by Race-Ethnicity

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Estimates of Major Depressive Disorder and Treatment Among Adolescents by Race and Ethnicity

Estimates of Major Depressive Disorder and Treatment Among Adolescents by Race and Ethnicity

Prison or treatment? Gender, racial, and ethnic inequities in mental health care utilization and criminal justice history among incarcerated persons with borderline and antisocial personality disorders.

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