“…As one example, individuals in pretrial release to treatment programs are offered the opportunity to avoid a criminal record or incarceration contingent upon the successful completion of a substance use treatment program (Young, Fluellen, & Belenko, 2004). Overall, empirical evidence suggests that these programs are effective in retaining patients in treatment, reducing substance use, and reducing rates of recidivism compared to criminal offenders not mandated to court and those mandated to programs such as probation and drug court (Harrell & Cavanaugh, 1995;Harrell, 1998;Young, 2002;Young & Belenko, 2002;Young, Fluellen, & Belenko, 2004). For instance, patients in a pretrial program in Brooklyn, NY, the Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison (DTAP) program, were compared to control offenders and patients mandated to treatment through parole, probation, and drug court programs.…”