Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) metrics: a novel method of measuring police performance during encounters with people in crisis

James, Lawrence R.; James, Stephen

doi:10.15761/mhar.1000143

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Such data could be used to assess the performance of many officers in many interactions by establishing what optimal behaviors officers could have reasonably engaged in, 1 what behaviors they did engage in, and what outcomes were likely given their behavior and circumstances. Outside of traditional SSOs, research on officer performance has historically not synthesized this range of information at scale, focusing primarily on the outcomes of police–community member encounters and less on the series of processes that give rise to them (James & James, 2017; Vila et al, 2018).…”

Section: Measurement Of Police–communtiy Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…body-worn camera (BWC), measurement tool, metrics, police performance, police-community encounters Over the past decade, high-profile incidents involving police officers' use of force on community members have been captured on video and disseminated in social and traditional media, leading to widespread protests against police brutality and calls for greater accountability among the police (Goff et al, 2016;James, 2017;Nix et al, 2017). In response, an increasing number of police departments have adopted the use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) to record video footage of interactions between officers and community members (Ariel, 2016;Katz et al, 2014;Lum et al, 2019;McClure et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validating a novel tool for coding body worn camera footage of police‐community member interactions

Elkins‐Brown

James

2023

Criminology & Public Policy

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This study aimed to validate a tool for coding police body-worn camera (BWC) footage to measure the dynamics of police-community encounters, including items related to community members, officer performance, and situational outcomes. Methods: Over 1000 BWC videos were scored by five coders who participated in an iterative interrater reliability exercise to improve the agreement. Krippendorf's alphas and a multilevel simultaneous component analysis were used to assess interrater reliability and the component structure of ratings, respectively. Bootstrapped and multilevel exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to ascertain any underlying dimensions supporting officer and community member behavior, and cluster analyses were performed to examine whether interactions could be grouped into coherent categories. Results:The lower bound of unweighted means of bootstrapped alphas ranged from 0.67 to 0.96 depending upon item type, and 21.60% of the total variance in raters was between-subjects. Factor analyses revealedThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Section: Measurement Of Police–communtiy Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating a novel tool for coding body worn camera footage of police‐community member interactions

Elkins‐Brown

James

2023

Criminology & Public Policy

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“…This is based both on guidelines of the law and appropriateness of actions based on expert opinion. To date, Vila, James, James, and Waggoner (2012) have developed metrics for use of force, tactical social interaction (Vila & James, 2014), and crisis intervention (James & James, 2017).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Interval-Level Metrics to Investigate Situational-, Suspect-, and Officer-Level Predictors of Police Performance During Encounters With the Public

James

Davis

et al. 2019

Police Quarterly

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The issue of how to measure the impact of situational-, suspect-, and officer-level factors on police actions has long been debated in the policing literature. One promising method is to use interval-level metrics developed via a combined method of concept mapping and Thurstone scaling. Our objective here was to use these metrics to score 667 incident reports from a large (n 1,500) urban police department. From this process, we explored significant trends in how police officers perform during encounters with the public. We found that officers performed better in "higher stakes" encounters and excelled in vigilance situational assessment as well as use of tactics and adapting tactics. Officers tended to receive the worst scores in routine police-citizen interactions and the highest in crisis encounters. Interpretation and implications of these findings for American policing are discussed.

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Exploring the Relationship Between Officer Safety and De-escalation in a Simulated Crisis Encounter

MacIsaac,

Baldwin,

Semple

et al. 2024

Police Quarterly

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Recently, there has been an increase in media attention and public interest in the use of de-escalation by police officers; however, concerns have been raised regarding potential risks to officer safety. The literature examining the relationship between officer safety and de-escalation is sparse. Drawing on performance assessments of 122 active-duty police officers during a realistic scenario with a person in crisis, the relationship between de-escalation techniques and officer safety was examined using multiple regression analysis and multiple correspondence analysis; a positive (but imperfect) relationship between de-escalation and officer safety was found. The association between relational de-escalation strategies (e.g., active listening, displaying empathy) and officer safety appeared to be strong; less so for tactical de-escalation strategies (e.g., pre-planning, self-control). However, it is unclear whether relational strategies increase officer safety, or whether greater officer safety allows relational strategies to be used. Future research is needed to understand this relationship and determine whether similar results are found in more naturalistic settings.

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Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) metrics: a novel method of measuring police performance during encounters with people in crisis

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Validating a novel tool for coding body worn camera footage of police‐community member interactions

Validating a novel tool for coding body worn camera footage of police‐community member interactions

Using Interval-Level Metrics to Investigate Situational-, Suspect-, and Officer-Level Predictors of Police Performance During Encounters With the Public

Exploring the Relationship Between Officer Safety and De-escalation in a Simulated Crisis Encounter

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