Crisis Intervention Team Training and the Protection Motivation Theory

Abstract

The problem addressed in this phenomenological study was the lack of documentation that supported the lived experiences of crisis intervention team (CIT)-trained police officers related to their field encounters with persons with mental illnesses. The purpose of the study was to explore the lived experiences of officers among CIT-trained police officers to address the problem. The protection motivation theory was aligned closest with the teachings of CIT training as described by the study participants’ lived experiences. Participants provided the study’s collected data, which was composed of completed questionnaires and transcribed interviews. The empirical theoretical framework method of analysis used was a combination of inductive coding and theme analysis that established the results of this study. Key findings of the study identified a significant amount of frustration expressed in the lived experiences of the CIT-trained police officers. Frustration was experienced by officers who applied the protection motivation theory to ensure the well-being of persons experiencing a mental crisis. There was considerable pushback from the public mental health facilities, which added to the frustration experienced by CIT-trained police officers who attempted to navigate treatment with the limited resources available to help persons in mental crisis. The positive social change produced from this study included recommendations to police leadership and mental health advocates to encourage certain CIT-training-related practices that directly impact CIT field encounters with persons in mental crises. Specialized training may promote improved departmental outcomes such as sustainability of gains for those in crises and enable police officer accountability and reliability.

Explaining context, mechanism and outcome in adult community mental health crisis care: A realist evidence synthesis

“…Seminal theories explaining person‐centred care approaches strongly resonate with our analysis including recovery alliance theory (Shanley & Jubb‐Shanley, 2007), Goffman's sociological theory, Forms of Talk (Goffman, 1981) and compassion in psychotherapy (Vivino et al, 2009). This emphasizes the need for staff to receive training and supervision to enable them to sustain their compassion when engaging with distress daily (Allen & Campbell, 2018; Brown et al, 2020; McEwan et al, 2020).…”

“…et al (2020),Ball et al (2005),Allen and Campbell (2018),Olasoji et al (2017),O'Cathain et al (2020),Grigg et al (2007),Reveruzzi and Pilling (2016),Borschmann et al (2013),Rees et al (2017) Moderate confidence Moderate methodological limitations and minor concerns about coherence, adequacy and relevance.Early navigation to help 1Mind (2011),Newbigging et al (2020),Morant et al (2017),Boscarato et al (2014), National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health and Positive Practice in Mental Health (2020),Olasoji et al (2017),O'Cathain et al (2020),Wise-Harris et al (2017),Jespersen et al (2016),Eales (2013),Goodwin et al (2012) Moderate confidence Moderate methodological limitations, minor concerns about coherence, adequacy and relevance.Ease of access and referral1,2 Mind (2012), Newbigging et al (2020), Morant et al (2017), National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health and Positive Practice in Mental Health (2020), NHS England (NHSE) (2021c), NHS England (NHSE) (2021a), Bendelow et al (2019), O'Cathain et al (2020), Brown et al (2020), NHS England (NHSE) (2021b), Bögle and Boden (2019), O'Connor and Glover (2017), Judkins et al (2019), Prytherch et al (2020) ), Newbigging et al (2020), NHS England (NHSE) (2021c), Bendelow et al (2019), O'Cathain et al (2020), Reveruzzi and Pilling (2016), NHS England, & NHS Improvement, London Ambulance Service, & Trainer, M (2020), Mind (2013), Jespersen et al (2016), Eales (2013), Saurman et al (2014), Trondsen et al (2014), Carson (2018) Moderate confidence Moderate methodological limitations, minor concerns about coherence...…”

Explanation of context, mechanisms and outcomes in adult community mental health crisis care: the MH-CREST realist evidence synthesis

“…61 Mid-range theories were identified relating to inter-agency collaboration, 75,76 feeling in control, 77 breaking point, 78 a strengths perspective, 79 compassionate care 80,81 and protection motivation theory. 82…”

“…Nimra phoned NHS 111 for advice and was automatically given an option to speak with someone from a mental health service. 1,10,15,82,83,85,88,97,105,106 Although Nimra felt anxious as she waited for someone to answer the phone, she felt it was an easy way to reach help. 10,15,90 Nimra's mum was relieved that they didn't have to go out of the house at night to get help.…”

Comparing the effects of academy training models on recruit competence: does curriculum instruction type matter?

“…Changing, adding or increasing levels of training have been analyzed for numerous policing topics, including school-based policing (Martinez-Prather et al , 2016), deescalation training (Engel et al , 2020) and the use of police response models (Allen and Campbell, 2018; Peterson and Densley, 2018; Strassle, 2019; Seo et al , 2020). Recently, there has also been a focus on procedural justice programs and their outcomes (Skogan et al , 2014; Rosenbaum and Lawrence, 2017; Owens et al , 2018; Antrobus et al , 2019).…”