“…Nine studies [ 9 , 10 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 23 ] conducted pre tests and post tests. In each study [ 9 , 10 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 23 ], students were divided into two groups: one group was subjected to traditional teaching, while the other group was subjected to various methods to implement FC which were reading resources and video lectures [ 9 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 23 ], presentation [ 10 ], web-based learning [ 14 ], and e-content [ 17 ]. All studies [ 9 , 10 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 23 ] observed that FC is an effective tool.…”