CRISPR/Cas9: Principle, Applications, and Delivery through Extracellular Vesicles

Horodecka, Katarzyna; Duechler, Markus

doi:10.3390/ijms22116072

Cited by 71 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…The editing efficiency also affects the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Researchers improve the editing efficiency mainly through the optimization of the internal sequence in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system, the improvement of gene editing delivery system and the optimization of gene editing repair strategy ( 105 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Status and Problems

et al. 2022

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Cancer is one of the main causes of disease-related deaths in the world. Although cancer treatment strategies have been improved in recent years, the survival time of cancer patients is still far from satisfied. Cancer immunotherapy, such as Oncolytic virotherapy, Immune checkpoints inhibition, Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapy and macrophages genomic modification, has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy for different kinds of cancer. However, many patients do not respond to the cancer immunotherapy which warrants further investigation to optimize this strategy. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), as a versatile genome engineering tool, has become popular in the biology research field and it was also applied to optimize tumor immunotherapy. Moreover, CRISPR-based high-throughput screening can be used in the study of immunomodulatory drug resistance mechanism. In this review, we summarized the development as well as the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the cancer immunotherapy and discussed the potential problems that may be caused by this combination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Status and Problems

et al. 2022

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“…[84][85][86] The CRISPR is different from other repetitive DNA sequences in that the repeats are 21 bp to 37 bp length and are interspaced by similar-sized non-repetitive DNA, and they may be clustered in a single or numerous loci at the chromosome. 87,88…”

Section: Applying Crispr-cas System As An Alternative Antimicrobialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidrug-Resistant Microbial Therapy Using Antimicrobial Peptides and the CRISPR/Cas9 System

Getahun¹,

Ali²,

Taye³

et al. 2022

VMRR

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The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant microbes become a serious threat to animal and human health globally because of their less responsiveness to conventional antimicrobial therapy. Multidrug-resistant microbial infection poses higher morbidity and mortality rate with significant economic losses. Currently, antimicrobial peptides and the CRISPR/Cas9 system are explored as alternative therapy to circumvent the challenges of multidrug-resistant organisms. Antimicrobial peptides are small molecular weight, cationic peptides extracted from all living organisms. It is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of multidrug-resistant microbes by direct microbial killing or indirectly modulating the innate immune system. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is another novel antimicrobial alternative used to manage multidrug-resistant microbial infection. It is a versatile gene-editing tool that uses engineered single guide RNA for targeted gene recognition and the Cas9 enzyme for the destruction of target nucleic acids. Both the CRISPR/Cas9 system and antimicrobial peptides were used to successfully treat nosocomial infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens, which developed resistance to various antimicrobials. Despite, their valuable roles in multidrug-resistant microbial treatments, both the antimicrobial peptides and the CRISPR/Cas systems have various limitations like toxicity, instability, and incurring high manufacturing costs. Thus, this review paper gives detailed explanations of the roles of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and antimicrobial peptides in circumventing the challenges of multidrug-resistant microbial infections, its limitation and prospects in clinical applications.

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“…In recent years, nanomaterials have gradually shown unique advantages in gene delivery. Currently developed CRISPR/Cas9 NDSs include cationic liposomes ( Yin et al, 2020 ), lipid NPs ( Rosenblum et al, 2020 ), cationic polymers ( Zhang Y. et al, 2019 ), vesicles ( Horodecka and Düchler, 2021 ), and gold NPs ( Tao et al, 2021 ). In order to better reduce the off-target effects, researchers have developed a stimulus-based intelligent NDSs.…”

Section: Gene Therapy Nanomedicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Application Perspectives of Nanomedicine in Cancer Treatment

et al. 2022

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Cancer is a disease that seriously threatens human health. Based on the improvement of traditional treatment methods and the development of new treatment modes, the pattern of cancer treatment is constantly being optimized. Nanomedicine plays an important role in these evolving tumor treatment modalities. In this article, we outline the applications of nanomedicine in three important tumor-related fields: chemotherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. According to the current common problems, such as poor targeting of first-line chemotherapy drugs, easy destruction of nucleic acid drugs, and common immune-related adverse events in immunotherapy, we discuss how nanomedicine can be combined with these treatment modalities, provide typical examples, and summarize the advantages brought by the application of nanomedicine.

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CRISPR/Cas9: Principle, Applications, and Delivery through Extracellular Vesicles

Cited by 71 publications

References 109 publications

The Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Status and Problems

The Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Status and Problems

Multidrug-Resistant Microbial Therapy Using Antimicrobial Peptides and the CRISPR/Cas9 System

Application Perspectives of Nanomedicine in Cancer Treatment

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