CRISPR/Cas9 system in breast cancer therapy: advancement, limitations and future scope

Abstract

Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide, therefore it is considered a major health concern. Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer which affects women on a global scale. Various current treatment strategies have been implicated for breast cancer therapy that includes surgical removal, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted biological therapy. However, constant effort is being made to introduce novel therapies with minimal toxicity. Gene therapy is one of the promising tools, to rectify defective genes and cure various cancers. In recent years, a novel genome engineering technology, namely the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein-9 (Cas9) has emerged as a gene-editing tool and transformed genome-editing techniques in a wide range of biological domains including human cancer research and gene therapy. This could be attributed to its versatile characteristics such as high specificity, precision, time-saving and cost-effective methodologies with minimal risk. In the present review, we highlight the role of CRISPR/Cas9 as a targeted therapy to tackle drug resistance, improve immunotherapy for breast cancer.

Enhanced Osteogenic Potential of Noggin Knockout C2C12 Cells on BMP-2 Releasing Silk Scaffolds

“…The main concerns regarding the implementation of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing are immunogenicity, non-targeting, polymorphism, delivery method, and ethics. Issues such as targeting immune-privileged organs, using bioinformatics tools, modification of Cas9 activity, designing multiple targets in a single cell, developing alternative delivery vectors such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and proposing ethical perspectives are currently being studied to overcome these limitations. , In this context, in future studies, we aim to develop new delivery systems that will efficiently deliver CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids to various cells and enable high-throughput genome editing to support regeneration of different tissues.…”

Main genes in breast cancer primary tumor and first metastasis in lymph nodes revealed by information-theory-based genetic networks analysis

“…Additionally, cohorts of patients with different stages of cancer are required to know if any of the genes found are positively or negatively associated with progression-free survival and overall survival in breast cancer and validate their clinical use [133]. On the other hand, the function of these genes can be determined during in vitro and in vivo assays by means of depletion, silencing or over-expression using genetic engineering techniques [134,135]. Use of genetic networks for identifying principal cancer genes advance in a broad and deep search for specific gene signatures.…”

Salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge: A potential antitumor agent

“…Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.org immunotherapy have led to longer survival, some patients with advanced breast cancer develop metastatic cancer (Gautam et al, 2022;Karn et al, 2022). Furthermore, the development and research of novel drugs to control metastasis remain a great challenge.…”

“…Triple-negative breast cancer is highly malignant and difficult to treat ( Hacking et al, 2022 ; Montalvo-Castro and Salinas-Jazmín, 2022 ). Although chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and systemic immunotherapy have led to longer survival, some patients with advanced breast cancer develop metastatic cancer ( Gautam et al, 2022 ; Karn et al, 2022 ). Furthermore, the development and research of novel drugs to control metastasis remain a great challenge.…”